TAILIEUCHUNG - The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics Part 100

The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics Part 100. In the past decade, Cognitive Linguistics has developed into one of the most dynamic and attractive frameworks within theoretical and descriptive linguistics The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics is a major new reference that presents a comprehensive overview of the main theoretical concepts and descriptive/theoretical models of Cognitive Linguistics, and covers its various subfields, theoretical as well as applied. | 960 JÜAN BYBEE suggests that the alternations in question are not rule-governed after all a conclusion that connectionist research supports Rumelhart and McClelland 1986 . Maiiczak 1958a 1958b replied to Kuryiowicz s principles for predicting analogy with hypotheses of his own that made reference not to theoretical constructs such as base form but to specific features of words such as their length or their grammatical category. Thus he noted that the indicative triggered changes in other moods more than vice versa and that the present triggered changes in other tenses more than vice versa. In Manczak 1978 1980 he pulled together a set of such predictions under the generalization that more frequent forms were more likely to be maintained in the language than less frequent forms more likely to retain an archaic character more likely to trigger changes in less frequent forms and more likely to replace them. These predictions fit well with the approach to markedness introduced in Greenberg s 1966 monograph Language Universals where it is demonstrated that unmarked members of categories have a higher token frequency than marked members. Then the question arises as to whether it is the higher token frequency that makes inflected forms less susceptible to change and more likely to serve as the basis of change or whether it is the more abstract notion of conceptual markedness. Tiersma 1982 contributes to this debate by showing that analogical leveling does not always cause the reformation of the marked member on the basis of the unmarked one but rather in certain cases of singular plural pairs where the plural is more frequent because the noun refers to entities that occur more often in pairs or groups such as horns tears arms stockings teeth a reformation of the singular is possible in analogical leveling. Thus it is not the abstract marking relations of the grammatical category that determine the direction of leveling but the local patterns of frequency of use. This .

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