TAILIEUCHUNG - The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics Part 99

The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics Part 99. In the past decade, Cognitive Linguistics has developed into one of the most dynamic and attractive frameworks within theoretical and descriptive linguistics The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics is a major new reference that presents a comprehensive overview of the main theoretical concepts and descriptive/theoretical models of Cognitive Linguistics, and covers its various subfields, theoretical as well as applied. | 950 JÜAN BYBEE Secondly it is voiced as are the surrounding consonants. To explain nr developing into ndr a straightforward gestural analysis is possible. The velic opening corresponding to the n is retimed such that the velum is reclosed before the stop gesture at the alveolar ridge is complete. The result is a period of stop closure without nasality or in other words a d . Note that the loss of the vowel in the auxiliary haberé habré does not lead to an excrescent d but the loss of the vowel in saliré saldré where alveolar gestures are present does. . Reductive Processes Besides changes in the relative timing of gestures there can also be reduction in the magnitude of the gestures in casual speech or in sound change. Such reduction in consonants will usually fall into the class of lenitions or weakenings. The reduction of a consonant such as p along a path which is cross-linguistically common that is p F f h f is characterized as a successive decrease and loss of muscular activity. The production of p requires muscular activity of both the upper and lower lips which act to bring them together as well as the activity required to open the glottis. The production of f requires less or no activity in the muscles of the upper lip but continued activity in the lower lip and glottis. The sound h is produced with no activity in the labial muscles at all but requires the opening of the glottis. Total deletion involves the loss of all the muscular events that were associated with the original consonant Mowrey and Pagliuca 1995 81-83 . In addition to the reduction of a consonant to zero another path of reduction for consonants yields a more sonorous or vowel-like consonant. Such changes are most notable in syllable-final position or postvocalic position. For example the change of a syllable-final l to a back unrounded glide MI involves the loss of the tongue tip gesture. This change occurs in American English pronunciations of words such as milk as m m k . Temporal .

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