TAILIEUCHUNG - Environment and conflict linkages in the great lakes region

These interactions are discussed further in section below. Factors such as rapid population growth, inequitable access to productive assets, especially land, the neglect of agriculture outside high potential areas, and the impact of external shocks, combine in certain areas to produce and reproduce poverty. Limited alternative non-farm income opportunities reinforce this situation. Poor households tend to respond either by migrating or by other options such as an expansion of farming activity to open new lands to cultivation, which may increase the pressure on natural resources. Such pressures have damaging ecological consequences which further reinforce the initial poverty/loss of livelihoods. There are therefore negative feedback mechanisms perpetuating. | International Environmental Law Research Centre ENVIRONMENT AND CONFLICT LINKAGES IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION Dr Patricia Kameri-Mbote IELRC WORKING PAPER 2005 - 6 This paper can be downloaded in PDF format from IELRCs website at http content International Environmental Law Research Centre International Environment House Chemin de Balexert 7 1219 Chatelaine Geneva Switzerland E-mail info@ TABLE OF CONTENT I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 2 III. THE ROLE OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE CONFLICTS IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION 3 A. Typology of Conflicts in the Great Lakes Region 3 B. Causes of Conflict in the Great Lakes Region 4 C. Environment and Conflict in the Great Lakes Region 5 IV. BROAD CONTEXT FOR EXPLORATION OF ENVIRONMENT - CONFLICT LINKAGES IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION 6 A. Peace and Security 6 B. Democracy Good Governance 6 C. Economic Development Regional Integration 7 D. Humanitarian Social Issues 8 V. THE ROLE OF UNEP 9 VI. CONCLUSION 10 ii I. INTRODUCTION Sub-Saharan Africa experiences a wide range of inter- and intra-state conflicts. According to a report by the Secretary General of the United Nations since 1970 more than 30 wars have been fought in Africa. In 1996 alone 14 of the 53 countries of Africa were afflicted by armed conflicts accounting for more than half of all war-related deaths worldwide and resulting in more than 8 million refugees returnees and displaced persons. 1 Thus Africa is referred to as a continent at war with itself 2. As conflicts abound in Africa the discernible trend in environmental resources is decline and deterioration. The deterioration of the environment has resulted in the vulnerability of the people in the region with increased exposure to environmental hazards and reduced capacity to cope with the This is exacerbated by the high rate of population growth. The Great Lakes Region accounts for a substantial number of these conflicts. The causes of these conflicts are many complex

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