TAILIEUCHUNG - MATERIALS AND METHODS (for definitions and additional details, see the technical appendix at end of chap- ter): Sources of data

Most of the epidemiological studies which compared breast cancer risk of active smokers to women who were not smokers (regardless of their passive smoke exposure) have found no association of smoking and breast cancer risk. But several studies found that women who smoked had a decreased breast cancer risk. It is not uncommon for epidemiological studies to come to different assessments of health risk, especially when, as in these studies, the associated risk is not large. Epidemiological studies differ in many ways, such as the groups of women being studied, how information is obtained and what other exposures and risk factors are taken into consideration. These differences. | INTRODUCTION Lynn A. Gloeckler Ries Constance L. Percy Greta R. Bunin INTRODUCTION Nearly 30 percent of the United States US population is younger than 20 years of age. Although cancer is rare among those younger than 20 years of age it is estimated that approximately 12 400 children younger than 20 years of age were diagnosed with cancer in 1998 and 2 500 died of cancer in 1998 1 . As a cause of death cancer varies in its relative importance over the age range from newborn to age 19. Based on data for 1995 in infants younger than one year of age there were fewer than one hundred cancer deaths representing only of infant deaths making it a minor cause of death in comparison to other events during the perinatal period. For children between one and nineteen cancer ranked fourth as a cause of death behind unintentional injuries 12 447 homicides 4 306 and suicides 2 227 . The probability of developing cancer prior to age 20 varies slightly by sex. A newborn male has percent probability of developing cancer by age 20 . a 1 in 300 chance . Similarly a newborn female has a percent probability of developing cancer by age 20 . a 1 in 333 chance 2 . Childhood cancer is not one disease entity but rather is a spectrum of different malignancies. Childhood cancers vary by type of histology site of disease origin race sex and age. To explain some of these variations this monograph presents detailed cancer incidence and survival data for 1975-95 based on nearly 30 000 newly diagnosed cancers arising in children during this 21-year interval in the United States US . Cancer mortality data collected for the entire US are also shown for the same time period. MATERIALS AND METHODS for definitions and additional details see the technical appendix at end of chapter Sources of data The population-based data used in this monograph for incidence and survival are from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results SEER Program of the National Cancer Institute NCI 2 . .

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