TAILIEUCHUNG - Chapter 4: Cardiac Function

Understanding the concepts presented in this chapter will enable the student to: 1. Describe the basic anatomy of the heart, including the names of venous and arterial vessels entering and leaving the heart, cardiac chambers, and heart valves; trace the flow of blood through the heart. 2. Describe how each of the following changes during the cardiac cycle: | chapter Cardiac Function 4 CD-ROM CONTENTS LEARNING OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION CARDIAC ANATOMY Functional Anatomy of the Heart Autonomic Innervation THE CARDIAC CYCLE Cardiac Cycle Diagram Summary of Intracardiac Pressures Ventricular Pressure-Volume Relationship Altered Pressure and Volume Changes during the Cardiac Cycle REGULATION OF CARDIAC OUTPUT Influence of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output Regulation of Stroke Volume MYOCARDIAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION How Myocardial Oxygen Consumption is Determined Factors Influencing Myocardial Oxygen Consumption SUMMARY OF IMPORTaNt concepts REVIEW QUESTIONS SUGGESTED READINGS CD CONTENTS 1. Compliance 2. Energetics of Flowing Blood 3. Valve Disease 4. Ventricular Hypertrophy 5. Ventricular Stroke Work LEARNING OBJECTIVES Understanding the concepts presented in this chapter will enable the student to 1. Describe the basic anatomy of the heart including the names of venous and arterial vessels entering and leaving the heart cardiac chambers and heart valves trace the flow of blood through the heart. 2. Describe how each of the following changes during the cardiac cycle a. electrocardiogram b. left ventricular pressure and volume c. aortic pressure d. aortic flow e. left atrial pressure f. jugular pulse waves 3. Describe the origin of the four heart sounds and show when they occur during the cardiac cycle. 4. Know normal values for end-diastolic and end-systolic left ventricular volumes atrial and ventricular pressures and systolic and diastolic aortic and pulmonary arterial pressures. 5. Draw and label ventricular pressure-volume loops derived from ventricular pressure and volume changes during the cardiac cycle. 6. Calculate stroke volume cardiac output and ejection fraction from ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes and heart rate. 7. Describe how an increase in heart rate affects ventricular filling time ventricular end-diastolic volume and stroke volume. 59 60 CHAPTER 4 8. Define preload afterload and inotropy. 9. List

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