TAILIEUCHUNG - Chapter 1 : Introduction to the Cardiovascular System

All living cells require metabolic substrates (., oxygen, amino acids, glucose) and a mechanism by which they can remove byproducts of metabolism (., carbon dioxide, lactic acid). Single-cell organisms exchange these substances directly with their environment through diffusion and cellular transport systems. In contrast, most cells of large organisms have limited or no exchange capacity with their environment because their cells are not in contact with the outside environment. | Introduction to the Cardiovascular System cha pter 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES THE NEED FOR A CIRCULATORY SYSTEM THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM THE FUNCTIONS OF THE HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS Heart Vascular System Interdependence of Circulatory and Organ Function THE REGULATION OF CARDIAC AND VASCULAR FUNCTION THE CONTENT OF THE FOLLOWING CHAPTERS SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT CONCEPTS REVIEW QUESTIONS LEARNING OBJECTIVES Understanding the concepts presented in this chapter will enable the student to 1. Explain why large organisms require a circulatory system while single-cell and small multicellular organisms do not. 2. Describe the series and parallel arrangement of the cardiac chambers pulmonary circulation and major organs of the systemic circulation. 3. Describe the pathways for the flow of blood through the heart chambers and large vessels associated with the heart. 4. Describe in general terms the primary functions of the heart and vasculature. 5. Explain how the autonomic nerves and kidneys serve as a negative feedback system for the control of arterial blood pressure. 1 2 CHAPTER 1 THE NEED FOR A CIRCULATORY SYSTEM All living cells require metabolic substrates . oxygen amino acids glucose and a mechanism by which they can remove byproducts of metabolism . carbon dioxide lactic acid . Single-cell organisms exchange these substances directly with their environment through diffusion and cellular transport systems. In contrast most cells of large organisms have limited or no exchange capacity with their environment because their cells are not in contact with the outside environment. Nevertheless exchange with the outside environment must occur for the cells to function. To accomplish this necessary exchange large organisms have a sophisticated system of blood vessels that transports metabolic substances between cells and blood and between blood and environment. The smallest of these blood vessels capillaries are in close proximity to all cells in the body .

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