TAILIEUCHUNG - International economics 6th edition phần 6

Vẽ một sơ đồ cung cầu trên cơ sở những dữ liệu này và chỉ có và không có mức thuế nhập khẩu. Tính toán: (a) (b) (c) (d) Việc đạt được cho người tiêu dùng EU từ loại bỏ thuế quan. Sự mất mát cho các nhà sản xuất EU từ loại bỏ thuế quan. Việc mất nguồn thu thuế cho chính phủ khi thuế quan được gỡ bỏ. Được mạng hoặc thiệt hại cho nền kinh tế EU như một toàn thể. | 11 - Issues of public economics 245 curves will not be identical in each country and on economic grounds it is then in the interest of countries to choose different pollution control standards. The value that countries place on environmental clean-up is especially likely to diverge when one of the countries is an industrialized country and the other is a developing country as in the case of the United States and Mexico. Environmental quality tends to be a luxury good as income rises demand for environmental quality rises to a greater extent. Based on this relationship we predict that richer countries will impose stricter standards and enforce them more stringently. Also richer countries may demand goods and services that generate less pollution per unit of output. At the same time though production per person is much greater in high-income countries which tends to generate more pollution and raise the cost of maintaining a given level of environmental quality. Rather than examine this cost effect separately from the benefit effect economists have looked at their combined influences and that of any other factors that might vary as income varies across countries by asking the following question as a country s income rises does its environmental quality rise Grossman and Krueger examine this relationship for several measures of pollution and find that in most cases an inverted U-shaped relationship Pollution rises as output rises up to a certain threshold and then declines as shown in Figure . That threshold is about 5 000 per capita in their work and in subsequent studies appears to be somewhat lower. Although an implication of these findings is that convergence in income levels among neighbors will create more similar demands for environmental quality there is still a significant gap between income levels in Western Europe and Eastern Europe or in the US and Mexico. Even if Mexico reaches the threshold where its demand for environmental quality rises .

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