TAILIEUCHUNG - The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics Part 19

The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics Part 19. In the past decade, Cognitive Linguistics has developed into one of the most dynamic and attractive frameworks within theoretical and descriptive linguistics The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics is a major new reference that presents a comprehensive overview of the main theoretical concepts and descriptive/theoretical models of Cognitive Linguistics, and covers its various subfields, theoretical as well as applied. | 150 BARBARA LEWANDOWSKA-TOMASZCZYK event. In the concept bachelor discussed first by Katz and Fodor 1963 in terms of feature matrices then by Fillmore 1982 and Lakoff 1987 in the cognitive framework a partial fit is observed between an Idealized Cognitive Model of bachelor and the concept of bachelor as applied for instance to the pope. Second prototypicality may involve cognitive economy in yet another sense. Categories exist at different levels and some of the levels were discovered to be more basic than others. Berlin Breedlove and Raven 1974 and Hunn 1977 showed for instance that the level of the biological genus in Tzeltal plant and animal taxonomies is psychologically basic that is more salient than other category levels more readily acquired recalled etc. see Rosch and Mervis 1975 Schmid this volume chapter 5 . It is precisely at these basic levels that categories exhibit a maximization of perceived similarities among category members and a minimization of perceived similarities among different categories. As such the features of such basic-level categories have high cue validities they are good predictors of whether something belongs to the category or not. More generally the prototype categories may find their source in an overall attempt to maximize cue validity in other words to group things together in such a way that the members of a category are maximally similar within the category and maximally dissimilar with regard to other categories. Let us now turn toward a closer examination of the relationship between features a - d . Following Geeraerts 1989 we may observe that the features a - d are not necessarily coextensive they do not always co-occur. There is now a consensus in the linguistic literature on prototypicality that the characteristics enumerated above are prototypicality effects that may be exhibited in various combinations by individual lexical items and may have very different sources. Also the four features are systematically related .

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