TAILIEUCHUNG - Community Health and Nutrition Programs

Reduced levels of clinical or radiological pneumonia in clin- ical trials of a nine-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine provide an estimate of the vaccine-preventable disease burden (valency indicates the number of serotypes against which the vaccine provides protection; conjugate refers to conjugation of polysaccharides to a protein backbone). In a study in The Gambia, 37 percent of radiological pneumonia was prevented, reflecting the amount of disease caused by S. pneumoniae, and mortality was reduced by 16 percent (Cutts and others 2005). Upper respiratory tract colonization with potentially patho- genic organisms and aspiration of the contaminated secretions have been implicated in the pathogenesis of bacterial pneumo- nia in young children. Infection of the upper. | Chapter 56 Community Health and Nutrition Programs John B. Mason David Sanders Philip Musgrove Soekirman and Rae Galloway Rapid improvements in health and nutrition in developing countries may be ascribed to specific deliberate health- and nutrition-related interventions and to changes in the underlying social economic and health environments. This chapter is concerned with the contribution of specific interventions while recognizing that improved living standards in the long run provide the essential basis for improved health. Consideration of the environment as the context for interventions is crucial in determining their initiation and in modifying their effect and it must be taken into account when assessing this effect. Undoubtedly much change has stemmed from scientific advances immunization being a prominent case. However the organizational aspects of health and nutrition protection are equally critical. In the past several decades people s contact with trained workers has been instrumental in improving health in developing countries. This factor applies particularly to poor people in poor countries but is relevant everywhere indeed it is a reason that social services have essentially eliminated almost all occurrences of child malnutrition in Europe where when malnourished children are seen it is caused by neglect . Community-based programs under many circumstances provide this crucial contact. Their role is partly in improving access to technology and resources but it is also important in fostering behavior change and more generally in supporting caring practices Engle Bentley and Pelto 2000 UNICEF 1990 . Such programs may also play a part in mobilizing social demand for services and in generating pressure for policy change. In community-based programs workers often volunteers and part-time workers interact with households to protect their health and nutrition and to facilitate access to treatment of sickness. Mothers and children are the primary focus but

• Sức khỏe trẻ em
• provides supporting
• limited ability
• Separability (RLS)
• Feature (Gene)
• Subset Selection
• Disease Gene Prioritization