TAILIEUCHUNG - Review of Solutions to Global Warming, Air Pollution, and Energy Security - Mark Z. Jacobson

The previous WHO guidelines were established for 15 minutes to protect against short-term peak exposures that might occur from, for example, an un- vented stove; for 1 hour to protect against excess exposure from, for example, faulty appliances; and for 8 hours (which is relevant to occupational exposures and has been used as an averaging time for ambient exposures). We do not rec- ommend changing the existing guidelines. However, chronic carbon monoxide exposure appears different from acute exposure in several important respects. The latest studies available in 2009, es- pecially those epidemiological studies using very large databases and thus pro- ducing extremely high-resolution. | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 Review of Solutions to Global Warming Air Pollution and Energy Security Mark Z. Jacobson Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Stanford University Stanford California 94305-4020 USA Email jacobson@ Tel 650 723-6836 Energy Environ. Sci 2009 doi b809990C http Publishing Journals EE doi b809990c Published online Dec. 1 2008 Abstract This paper reviews and ranks major proposed energy-related solutions to global warming air pollution mortality and energy security while considering other impacts of the proposed solutions such as on water supply land use wildlife resource availability thermal pollution water chemical pollution nuclear proliferation and undernutrition. Nine electric power sources and two liquid fuel options are considered. The electricity sources include solar-photovoltaics PV concentrated solar power CSP wind geothermal hydroelectric wave tidal nuclear and coal with carbon capture and storage CCS technology. The liquid fuel options include corn-ethanol E85 and cellulosic E85. To place the electric and liquid fuel sources on an equal footing we examine their comparative abilities to address the problems mentioned by powering new-technology vehicles including battery-electric vehicles BEVs hydrogen fuel cell vehicles HFCVs and flex-fuel vehicles run on E85. Twelve combinations of energy sourcevehicle type are considered. Upon ranking and weighting each combination with respect to each of 11 impact categories four clear divisions of ranking or tiers emerge. Tier 1 highest-ranked includes wind-BEVs and wind-HFCVs. Tier 2 includes CSP-BEVs Geothermal-BEVs PV-BEVs tidal-BEVs and wave-BEVs. Tier 3 includes hydroBEVs nuclear-BEVs and CCS-BEVs. Tier 4 includes corn- and cellulosic-E85. Wind-BEVs ranked first in seven out of 11 categories including the two most important mortality .

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• Health Perspective
• Chemical Residues
• Venous Thromboembolism
• Certain Groups of Patients
• Venous Thromboembolism
• Viable but Nonculturable
• Bacteria in Food
• Waste Minimization