TAILIEUCHUNG - The Effect of Driving Restrictions on Air Quality in Mexico City

In 1989, the government of Mexico City introduced a program, Hoy No Circula, which bans most drivers from using their vehicles one workday per week based on the last digit of the ve- hicle’s license plate. The program has been strictly enforced and has been since emulated in Bogota, Santiago and S˜ao Paolo. This paper measures the effect of the driving restrictions on air quality using high-frequency measures from monitoring stations. Across pollutants and spec- ifications there is no evidence that the program has improved air quality. The policy has caused a relative increase in air pollution during weekends and weekday hours when the restrictions are not. | The Effect of Driving Restrictions on Air Quality in Mexico City Lucas W. Davis University of Michigan December 9 2007 Abstract In 1989 the government of Mexico City introduced a program Hoy No Circula which bans most drivers from using their vehicles one workday per week based on the last digit of the vehicle s license plate. The program has been strictly enforced and has been since emulated in Bogota Santiago and Sao Paolo. This paper measures the effect of the driving restrictions on air quality using high-frequency measures from monitoring stations. Across pollutants and specifications there is no evidence that the program has improved air quality. The policy has caused a relative increase in air pollution during weekends and weekday hours when the restrictions are not in place but there is no evidence of an absolute improvement in air quality during any period of the week for any pollutant. Evidence from additional sources indicates that HNC led to an increase in the total number of vehicles in circulation as well as a change in composition toward high-emissions vehicles. Department of Economics University of Michigan 611 Tappan Street Ann Arbor MI 48109 email lwdavis@. I am grateful to Michael Greenstone Steven Haider Sandy Sillman Jeff Smith Gary Solon Miguel Urquiola Dean Yang and seminar participants at Michigan HEC Montreal the NBER Summer Institute Michigan State the UC Berkeley Energy Institute and Harvard for their helpful comments. 1 Introduction Whereas . cities have seen dramatic improvements in air quality over the last three decades1 Mexico City has been considerably less successful. Levels of major air pollutants in Mexico City routinely exceed maximum exposure limits established by the World Health Organization WHO . For example the WHO has warned that eight-hour average ozone levels exceeding 100 micrograms per cubic meter threaten human During the period 1986-2005 this guideline was exceeded in Mexico City for 92 of all .

• Môi trường
• Human Papilloma
• Virus Infection
• Papillomavirus Infection
• Human Fetuses
• Congenital Malformations
• Normal Karyotype
• BMC Cancer
• Human papilloma virus
• Human papilloma virus related cancer
• HPV related conditions
• SubSaharan Africa
• Thematic analysis
• Thực trạng nhiễm Human Papilloma virus
• Nhiễm Human Papilloma virus ở ổ tử cung
• Phụ nữ trong độ tuổi sinh đẻ
• Sức khỏe sinh sản
• Ung thư ổ tử cung
• Tạp chí y khoa
• Nghiên cứu y khoa
• Ung thư amiđan
• Virút human papilloma
• Nghiên cứu y học
• Human papiloma virus
• nhiễm Human papilloma virus
• Điều trị tổn thương cổ tử cung
• Tầm soát ung thư cổ tử cung
• Human papilloma virus HPV
• Tìm hiểu virus HPV
• Ung thư cổ tử cung
• Phòng chống virus HPV
• Công nghệ sinh học
• Sinh học phát triển
• Vi sinh vật
• Sinh học đại cương
• Tạp chí y học
• Phòng ngừa nhiễm human papilloma virus
• Dự phòng ung thư cổ tử cung
• Tiêm vắc xin ngừa HPV
• Qui trình multiplex PCR
• Lậu cầu khuẩn
• Bệnh nhiễm ở đường sinh dục
• Luận án Tiến sỹ Y học
• Nghiên cứu phụ khoa
• Sinh lý cổ tử cung
• Luận án tiến sĩ Y học
• Luận án Y học
• Các tổn thương cổ tử cung
• Tóm tắt luận án tiến sĩ Y học
• Bài viết về y học
• Phết tế bào cổ tử cung bất thường
• Chương trình can thiệp sức khỏe
• Nghiên cứu khoa học
• Tạp chí nội khoa Việt Nam
• Tạp chí nội khoa
• Ung thư phế quản
• Bệnh nhân ung thư phế quản
• Genetic relationship
• HPV 16
• HPV 18
• Cervical cancer patient
• Human papilloma virus isolated
• Random amplified polymorphic DNA
• Loop mediated isothermal amplification
• Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
• Traditional risk factors
• Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
• Invasive cervical cancer
• Anti HPV vaccination
• Vulvar cancer
• Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma
• Human papilloma virus genotypes
• Cox proportional hazards model
• Kaplan–Meier method
• BMC Women's Health
• Lactobacillus rhamnosus
• Lactobacillus reuteri
• Cervical smear
• Công nghệ nhiệt đới
• Type human papilloma virus
• Tách chiết DNA tổng số
• Bộ kit HPV PCR plus
• Bệnh sùi mào gà
• Sùi mào gà sinh dục
• Vi rút Human papilloma
• Bệnh lây truyền qua đường tình dục
• Tổn thương cổ tử cung
• Chăm sóc sức khỏe sinh sản
• Genotype human papilloma virus
• Kỹ thuật real time PCR
• Phết tế bào tử cung
• Tổn thương tiền ung thư
• Cervical carcinoma
• High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion
• Demographic niche
• Breast cancer
• Risk factor
• Tumor development
• MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
• HUMAN CANCERS
• DNA Damage
• Retroviral oncogenes
• Suppressor Genes
• Cancer Pathways
• Human papillomavirus
• Multivariate model