TAILIEUCHUNG - Contribution of Primary Care to Health Systems and Health

Overall, there are marginally more men than women in Europe, with the proportion of women increasing in older age categories. In 2005, there were approximately 15% more women than men among those aged 65-69 and almost two times more women than men aged over 80, leading to a total of 43% more women than men aged 65 and over (EUROSTAT 2008a, 2008b). In all European countries, life expectancy is greater for women than for men, with the largest gap between the sexes in Lithuania ( years) and the smallest in Iceland () (based on 2006 data). Eurostat predictions indicate that in. | Contribution of Primary Care to Health Systems and Health BARBARA STARFIELD LEIYU SHI and JAMES MACINKO Johns Hopkins University New York University Evidence of the health-promoting influence of primary care has been accumulating ever since researchers have been able to distinguish primary care from other aspects of the health services delivery system. This evidence shows that primary care helps prevent illness and death regardless of whether the care is characterized by supply of primary care physicians a relationship with a source of primary care or the receipt of important features of primary care. The evidence also shows that primary care in contrast to specialty care is associated with a more equitable distribution of health in populations a finding that holds in both cross-national and within-national studies. The means by which primary care improves health have been identified thus suggesting ways to improve overall health and reduce dif ferences in health across major population subgroups. Key Words Primary care health outcomes population health. The term primary care is thought to date back to about 1920 when the Dawson Report was released in the United Kingdom. That report an official white paper mentioned primary health care centres intended to become the hub of regionalized services in that country. Although primary care came to be the cornerstone of the health services system in the United Kingdom as well as in many other countries no comparable focus developed in the United States. Indeed the formation of one after another specialty board Address correspondence to Barbara Starfield Department of Health Policy and Management Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 624 N. Broadway Room 406 Baltimore MD 21205 email bstarfie@ . The Milbank Quarterly Vol. 83 No. 3 2005 pp. 457 502 2005 Milbank Memorial Fund. Published by Blackwell Publishing. 457 458 B. Starfield L. Shi andJ. Macinko in the early decades of the 20th century signaled the .

• Y học thường thức
• Reproduction
• Cytokinins and Their
• Possible Role
• Seed Size
• Determination
• Nutritional and Proteomic
• Life science Reproduction of Species
• Reproduction of Species
• Asexual Reproduction
• Reproduction by Two Parents
• Sexual Reproduction in Plants
• Fertilization in Seed Plants
• Life science Reproduction
• Ssexual reproduction
• Forms of asexual reproduction
• Structure of DNA
• Non genetic factors
• Rambouillet sheep
• Reproduction traits in Rambouillet sheep
• Non genetic factors effecting reproduction traits
• Standard errors of reproduction traits
• Animal reproduction
• Advances in ultrasonography
• Domestic ruminants
• Farm animals reproduction
• Domestic animal reproduction
• Pheromones in sex
• Pheromones in sex and reproduction
• Hormone levels and behaviour
• Sex and reproduction
• Medical subject heading databases
• Domestic animals
• Growth hormone
• Kisspeptin in reproduction of livestock
• Reproduction of livestock
• Produced chiefly
• Genetic parameters
• Genetic parameters of reproduction traits
• Inter lambing period
• Human Spermatozoa
• Relationship to Infertility
• Role of PDE5
• Testicular Dysfunction
• Effectiveness of Assisted
• Reproduction Techniques
• Enhancing
• Success
• Assisted
• Atef M
• Darwish
• Health
• Sciences
• medicine
• pharmacolocy
• Biology systems
• Lecture Biology
• Biological sciences
• Living organisms
• Sexual reproduction
• The process of meiosis
• Campbell biology
• Lecture Campbell biology
• Systems biology
• Cellular basis of reproduction
• Cell division
• Angiosperm reproduction
• Plant responses
• Lecture AP Biology
• Biological organization
• The menstrual cycle
• Effects of potassium dichromate
• The survival and reproduction
• Moina Micrura Kurz
• Heavy metals
• Ecological toxicology
• Journal of computer science and information technology
• Vegetable storage practices
• The reproduction of household autonomy
• Early village contexts from northwest Argentina
• Early Village Societies
• HF × Gir cattle
• Genetic parameter
• First lactation traits
• Reproduction traits
• Chronic effects
• Life traits
• Micro crustacean
• Plastic additives
• Reproduction of Daphnia magna
• Murrah buffalo calves
• Service period
• Effects of weaning and sex
• Calf on postpartum resumption
• Mother buffaloes
• Reproduction in mother buffaloes
• Milk yield
• Dairy animal
• Impact of urea molasses mineral block
• Dewormer on milk production
• Reproduction performance
• BMC Bioinformatics
• Amyloid precursor protein
• Human testis
• Male reproduction
• Protein protein Interaction network
• Yeast twohybrid
• Estimation of genetic parameters
• Genetic parameters for production
• Reproduction traits in murrah buffaloes
• Murrah buffaloes
• Large white yorkshire
• Gestation period
• Farrowing interval
• Large white yorkshire pigs kept
• HF x Gir halfbred
• First lactation reproduction