TAILIEUCHUNG - Couplers

POWER DIVIDERS AND DIRECTIONAL COUPLERS | POWER DIVIDERS AND DIRECTIONAL COUPLERS P1 Input Port P3 Coupled Port 2 4 Isolated Port ----------- P4 Transmitted Port P2 3 Figure 1. Directional Coupler A directional coupler is a passive device which couples part of the transmission power by a known amount out through another port often by using two transmission lines set close enough together such that energy passing through one is coupled to the other. As shown in Figure 1 the device has four ports input transmitted coupled and isolated. The term main line refers to the section between ports 1 and 2. On some directional couplers the main line is designed for high power operation large connectors while the coupled port may use a small SMA connector. Often the isolated port is terminated with an internal or external matched load typically 50 ohms . It should be pointed out that since the directional coupler is a linear device the notations on Figure 1 are arbitrary. Any port can be the input as in Figure 3 which will result in the directly connected port being the transmitted port adjacent port being the coupled port and the diagonal port being the isolated port. Physical considerations such as internal load on the isolated port will limit port operation. The coupled output from the directional coupler can be used to obtain the information . frequency and power level on the signal without interrupting the main power flow in the system except for a power reduction - see Figure 2 . When the power coupled out to port three is half the input power . 3 dB below the input power level the power on the main transmission line is also 3 dB below the input power and equals the coupled power. Such a coupler is referred to as a 90 degree hybrid hybrid or 3 dB coupler. The frequency range for coaxial couplers specified by manufacturers is that of the coupling arm. The main arm response is much wider . if the spec is 2-4 GHz the main arm could operate at 1 or 5 GHz - see Figure 3 . However it should be recognized that

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