TAILIEUCHUNG - Reducing EffluentWhile Raising Affluence: Water Pollution Abatement in Malaysia

Only a few studies consider the increased ventilation rate associated with active modes. One study [22] showed that the minute ventilation rate (product of the breathing rate and the volume of air per breath) of cyclists was on average twice that of car commuters (an increase from 12 L min-1 to 24 L min-1 ) and two studies [21, 23] suggest 31 L min-1 , and 40-60 L min-1 for cyclists, respectively. No studies could be found specifically in relation to the exposure of commuters who run to work, though one would expect these to be comparable or higher than those of. | Reducing Effluent While Raising Affluence Water Pollution Abatement in Malaysia How did Malaysia manage to nearly eliminate its leading water pollution problem without simultaneously blocking growth of the industry generating the pollution Jeffrey R. Vincent Harvard Institute for International Development March 18 1993 Introduction Induction of crude palm oil CPO in Malaysia more than tripled between 1975 and 1985 Figure 1 . This expansion solidified the industry s ranking as the largest in the world it accounted for half of world production and three-fourths of world exports in 198O1 and made it the country s second largest earner of foreign exchange by 19842 Figure 2 . In 1975 the CPO industry also held another more dubious distinction it was the country s worst source of water Pollution caused by the organic wastes from CPO mills was equivalent to pollution generated by a population of more than 10 million people Figure 3 . This was nearly as large as the entire population of the country. No proven treatment technology for palm oil effluent POME existed. Extrapolating from 1975 pollution loads the industrial expansion that occurred between 1975 and 1985 should have increased the population-equivalent of the industry s pollution load to 33 million people. In 1985 however the population-equivalent pollution load actually e to million people Figure 3 . Professor Khalid of the Universiti Pertanian Malaysia has remarked Malaysia is one of the few tradedependent industrializing nations to move decisively against pollution in a key export industry. 4 How did Malaysia manage to nearly eliminate its leading waterpollution problem without simultaneously blocking growth of the industry generating the pollution What lessons does Malaysia s experience hold for other industries and other countries Is it a unique case or does it illustrate general principles for designing policies to improve environmental quality without sacrificing .

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