TAILIEUCHUNG - BIOMONITORING OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

The use of industrially manufactured nitrogen (N) fertilizers increased rapidly in developed countries between 1960 and 1980. This facilitated a large increase in the production of feed and food grains (maize, wheat, and rice) per unit of cultivated land, but in some regions it also contributed to enrichment of surface and groundwater with various forms of nitrogen. Fertilizer, however, is not the only source of nitrogen that can cause contamination of surface waters. Biological nitrogen fixation, mineraliz- ation of soil organic nitrogen, and animal wastes can also contribute to nitrogen enrichment of water bodies. Additionally, under some conditions, nitrogen applied to the soil may be converted to gaseous or immobile forms of nitrogen. | PHYSIOLOGY AND MAINTENANCE - Vol. II - Biomonitoring of Environmental Pollution - Sergei Kotelevtsev Valerii Tonkopii and Osmo Hanninen BIOMONITORING OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Sergei Kotelevtsev Moscow State University Moscow Russia Valerii Tonkopii Russian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg Russia Osmo Hanninen University of Kuopio Finland Keywords ecosystem health feral species caged species tissue cultures biotransformation enzymes chaperons heat shock proteins estrogen-like pollutants mutagens Contents 1. Introduction and Background 2. Biomarker Molecules . Genomic and mRNA Analyses . Proteomics Enzymes and Other Proteins 3. Models Used in Biomonitoring . Cell Cultures . Tests with Invertebrates . Populations and Wild Vertebrates . Caged Organisms 4. Biomonitoring of the Quality of Air 5. Soil Pollution 6. Pollution and Biomonitoring of Water Resources 7. Biomonitoring of Textile Safety 8. Human and Animal Diseases in the Biomonitoring of Environmental Pollution 9. Attempts at Pollutant Bioidentification . Heavy Metals . Organophosphates . Organochlorines . Cyanides . Pyrethroids 10. Chemical Analysis of Pollutants and Biomonitoring Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketches Summary Environmental health is one of the most acute global problems. There are no corners of the globe where chemicals produced by humans cannot be found. The number of these chemicals is continuously increasing as is their use. Some are quite persistent and their half-lives can be decades. At the same time the number of endangered species is Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems EOLSS PHYSIOLOGY AND MAINTENANCE - Vol. II - Biomonitoring of Environmental Pollution - Sergei Kotelevtsev Valerii Tonkopii and Osmo Hanninen increasing and people s health is at serious risk. Lipophilic pollutants accumulate in all organisms as they contain lipids. There are several methods of monitoring the effects of pollutant chemicals. In addition to feral species caged .

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