TAILIEUCHUNG - LAWS GOVERNING FRESHWATER AND GROUND WATER POLLUTION

It is fashionable and easy to say that we are ‘environmentalists’. The now famous 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro has produced the environmentalist manifesto. Newsweek magazine's cover page on June 1, 1992 said the following: “No More Hot Air: It's Time to Talk Sense About the Environment.” Indeed, we all are environmentalists, until it comes to making some tough economic and political choices, like proposing or voting for a hefty tax on gasoline. This ambivalence about the environment is clear from the careful political statements quoted on the previous page. You may remember how much time Congress spent debating the ambitious BTU tax in 1993. | ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND THEIR ENFORCEMENT - Vol. I - Laws Governing Freshwater and Ground Water Pollution - Robert W. Adler LAWS GOVERNING FRESHWATER AND GROUND WATER POLLUTION Robert W. Adler Wallace Stegner Center for Land Resources and Environment University of Utah College of Law Salt Lake City Utah 84112-0730 USA Keywords water pollution groundwater pollution Clean Water Act Fisheries Act Arctic Water Pollution Prevention Act Canada Water Act Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 point source pollution non-point source pollution Resources Conservation and Recovery Act water quality standards water quality guidelines water quality objectives total daily maximum load Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act. Contents 1. Introduction 2. General Themes in Water Pollution Control Law 3. Major Legal Approaches to Water Pollution 4. Common Law Approaches to Water Pollution 5. Statutory Approaches to Water Pollution 6. Source Controls . Statutory Prohibitions Absolute and Qualified . Technology-based or feasibility-based treatment standards . Design Standards and Siting Requirements 7. Ambient Environmental Quality Standards 8. Land Use Controls 9. Market and Other Economic Approaches . Liability . Effluent Fees or taxes . Subsidies and government spending 10. Education 11. Public Information 12. Conclusions Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary Both industrialized and developing countries have incentives to adopt implement and enforce laws that address freshwater and groundwater pollution. Water in industrialized countries can be contaminated from discharges of toxic and other pollutants from factories as well as from a wide variety of so-called non-point source pollutants. Ground and surface water sources in under-developed and developing countries may be contaminated by untreated sewage and livestock wastes. Moreover water sources in developing countries increasingly face risks from industrial discharges from new .

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