TAILIEUCHUNG - acca paper f1 accountant in business phần 4

Môi trường cạnh tranh được cấu trúc bởi năm lực lượng: rào cản gia nhập, các sản phẩm thay thế, khả năng thương lượng của khách hàng, khả năng thương lượng của các nhà cung cấp, sự cạnh tranh cạnh tranh. Trong thảo luận về cạnh tranh, Porter (Chiến lược cạnh tranh) phân biệt giữa các yếu tố đặc trưng cho bản chất của cạnh tranh. | p3 p2 Price Po Pl Yi Yũ Y2 Y3 National income Figure 3 The aggregate supply and demand model Figure 3 shows that the aggregate demand curve slopes from left to right ie demand will rise as prices fall because people can afford more but may shift as shown. A shift may be due to a factor such as an increase or decrease in consumer confidence. This is explained below. Aggregate supply The aggregate supply refers to the ability of the economy to produce goods and services. Aggregate supply is positively related to the price level. This is because a price rise will make more profitable sales and encourage organisations to increase their output. The aggregate supply curve slopes upwards from left to right and does not shift in the short term as shown in Figure 3. Where the aggregate demand curve intersects with the aggregate supply curve the total demand for goods and services in the economy is equal to the total supply of goods and services in the economy. This is known as the equilibrium level of national income. Note that the graph highlights the fact that a change in either the aggregate supply or demand will have an affect on the price level and the national income. Assuming that employment levels are related to national income levels the model shows how unemployment and inflation a change in price level could arise. A shift in aggregate demand Say for example that the equilibrium level is currently where national income Y0 and price P0 . Then suppose there is a drop in consumer confidence so consumers stop spending ie demand falls . The new equilibrium would be where national income Y1 and where price P1. If on the other hand consumer confidence increased for example due to more access to affordable credit consumers would buy more an increase in demand and so the new equilibrium would be where national income Y2 and price P2. 3 The determination of national income FAST FORWARD Equilibrium national income is determined using aggregate supply and .

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