TAILIEUCHUNG - Essentials of Neuroimaging for Clinical Practice - part 9

Các tín hiệu điện não đồ không phát sinh từ tiềm năng hành động cá nhân, đúng hơn, nó bắt nguồn từ dòng chảy hiện tại ngoại bào được kết hợp với tiềm năng kích thích sau synap (EPSPs) và tiềm năng ức chế sau synap (IPSPs). | 118 ESSENTIALS OF NEUROIMAGING FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE volts and its frequency ranges to 40 Hertz Hz or more. Figure 6-1 shows a standard placement of electrodes over the scalp. The EEG signal does not arise from individual action potentials rather it derives from the extracellular current flow that is associated with excitatory postsyn-aptic potentials EPSPs and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials IPSPs . These current flows are of much lower voltage than action potentials. They are however distributed across a large surface area of membrane and are of longer durations than action potentials allowing summation. Even with summation however the fields produced by individual neurons are much too weak to be detected by the EEG at the surface of the scalp. In order to generate externally detectable signals the neurons within a volume of tissue must be aligned and their synaptic current flows must be correlated in time. Of all the neurons in the human brain the cortical pyramidal cells are particularly well suited to generate externally observable electric fields. This is because of their elongated apical dendrites which are systematically aligned in a columnar fashion perpendicular to the cortical sheet. Although much of the amplitude of the brain electrical activity derives from cortical neurons underlying the scalp electrodes the synchronicity of the recorded activity is largely regulated by subcortical sites. For example pacemaker neurons within the thalamus normally oscillate synchronously producing an alpha rhythm that characterizes the EEG of an awake healthy person at rest. Such synchrony is reduced by arousal. Desynchronization of electrical activity is thought to be mediated by afferent projections from the reticular formation and basal forebrain. These effects may be modulated by noradrenergic cholinergic and Y-ami-nobutyric acid GABA ergic neuronal systems. Brain electrical frequencies are generally reported in the delta 0-4 Hz theta 4-8 Hz alpha 8-13 Hz and .

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