TAILIEUCHUNG - Chapter 088. Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Part 4)

Physical Signs Hepatomegaly is the most common physical sign, occurring in 50–90% of patients. Abdominal bruits are noted in 6–25%, and ascites occurs in 30–60% of patients. Ascites should be examined by cytology. Splenomegaly is mainly due to portal hypertension. Weight loss and muscle wasting are common, particularly with rapidly growing or large tumors. Fever is found in 10–50% of patients, from unclear cause. The signs of chronic liver disease may be present, including jaundice, dilated abdominal veins, palmar erythema, gynecomastia, testicular atrophy, and peripheral edema. Budd-Chiari syndrome can occur due to HCC invasion of the hepatic veins; it should. | Chapter 088. Hepatocellular Carcinoma Part 4 Physical Signs Hepatomegaly is the most common physical sign occurring in 50-90 of patients. Abdominal bruits are noted in 6-25 and ascites occurs in 30-60 of patients. Ascites should be examined by cytology. Splenomegaly is mainly due to portal hypertension. Weight loss and muscle wasting are common particularly with rapidly growing or large tumors. Fever is found in 10-50 of patients from unclear cause. The signs of chronic liver disease may be present including jaundice dilated abdominal veins palmar erythema gynecomastia testicular atrophy and peripheral edema. Budd-Chiari syndrome can occur due to HCC invasion of the hepatic veins it should be suspected in patients with tense ascites and a large tender liver Chap. 302 . Paraneoplastic Syndromes Most paraneoplastic syndromes in HCC are biochemical abnormalities without associated clinical consequences. They include hypoglycemia also caused by end-stage liver failure erythrocytosis hypercalcemia hypercholesterolemia dysfibrinogenemia carcinoid syndrome increased thyroxin-binding globulin changes in secondary sex characteristics gynecomastia testicular atrophy and precocious puberty and porphyria cutanea tarda. Mild hypoglycemia occurs in rapidly growing HCC as part of terminal illness and profound hypoglycemia may occur although the cause is unclear. Erythrocytosis occurs in 3-12 of patients and hypercholesterolemia in 10-40 . A high percentage of patients have thrombocytopenia or leukopenia not caused by cancer infiltration of bone marrow as in other tumor types. Staging Although the TNM primary tumor regional wodes metastasis staging system set up by the American Joint Commission for Cancers AJCC is sometimes used the newer Cancer of the Liver Italian Program CLIP system is now popular as it takes cirrhosis into account as does the Okuda system Table 88-4 . Other staging systems have been proposed and a consensus is needed. The best prognosis is stage I solitary .

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