TAILIEUCHUNG - MENSTRUAL ABNORMALITIES AND COMPLICATIONS

Abnormal uterine bleeding may be caused by: hormonal factors, complications of pregnancy, systemic diseases, endometrial abnormalities (polyps), uterine or cervical problems (leiomyomas), or cancer. The pattern of abnormal bleeding is often very helpful in determining the etiology; thus, a number of terms differentiate the various types of abnormal uterine bleeding. Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea) is prolonged or heavy menstrual flow that may be further complicated by clots. Menorrhagia may be caused by leiomyomas (often submucous), pregnancy complications, endometrial hyperplasia, adenomyosis, malignancy, or coagulopathies. Metrorrhagia (intermenstrual bleeding) is defined as bleeding at any time between menstrual periods. . | MENSTRUAL ABNORMALITIES AND COMPLICATIONS ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING Abnormal uterine bleeding may be caused by hormonal factors complications of pregnancy systemic diseases endometrial abnormalities polyps uterine or cervical problems leiomyomas or cancer The pattern of abnormal bleeding is often very helpful in determining the etiology thus a number of terms differentiate the various types of abnormal uterine bleeding. Menorrhagia hypermenorrhea is prolonged or heavy menstrual flow that may be further complicated by clots. Menorrhagia may be caused by leiomyomas often submucous pregnancy complications endometrial hyperplasia adenomyosis malignancy or coagulopathies. Metrorrhagia intermenstrual bleeding is defined as bleeding at any time between menstrual periods. The causes of metrorrhagia include midcycle ovulatory bleeding endometrial polyps endometrial or cervical cancer endogenous estrogen production and exogenous estrogen administration. Menometrorrhagia is bleeding occurring at irregular intervals. Generally the amount and duration of bleeding vary. The causes of menometrorrhagia are the same as those of metrorrhagia. Polymenorrhea is menstrual-like bleeding that occurs too frequently. The usual cause of polymenorrhea is anovulation but occasionally a shortened luteal phase may be the fault. Postcoital bleeding must be investigated to rule out cervical cancer although the most common causes are benign and include cervical eversion cervical polyps and cervical or vaginal infections. Hypomenorrhea cryptomenorrhea or spotting is unusually light menstrual bleeding. Possible causes are obstructions . hymenal or cervical uterine synechiae Asherman s syndrome and inappropriate oral contraceptive dosage correctable . 707 Copyright 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies. Click Here for Terms ofUse. BENSON PERNOLL S 708 HANDBOOK OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY Oligomenorrhea is defined as menstruation occurring at an interval 35 days. The differential diagnosis of abnormal .

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