TAILIEUCHUNG - Chapter 068. Hematopoietic Stem Cells (Part 2)

Developmental Biology of Hematopoietic Stem Cells During development, blood cells are produced at different sites. Initially, the yolk sac provides oxygen-carrying red blood cells, and then several sites of intraembryonic blood cell production become involved. These intraembryonic sites engage in sequential order, moving from the genital ridge at a site where the aorta, gonadal tissue, and mesonephros are emerging to the fetal liver and then, in the second trimester, to the bone marrow and spleen. As the location of stem cells changes, the relative abundance of cells they produce also changes, progressively increasing in the complexity of cell types from. | Chapter 068. Hematopoietic Stem Cells Part 2 Developmental Biology of Hematopoietic Stem Cells During development blood cells are produced at different sites. Initially the yolk sac provides oxygen-carrying red blood cells and then several sites of intraembryonic blood cell production become involved. These intraembryonic sites engage in sequential order moving from the genital ridge at a site where the aorta gonadal tissue and mesonephros are emerging to the fetal liver and then in the second trimester to the bone marrow and spleen. As the location of stem cells changes the relative abundance of cells they produce also changes progressively increasing in the complexity of cell types from those simply carrying oxygen to platelets supporting a more complex vasculature to the cells of innate immunity and finally to the cells of adaptive immunity. Stem cell proliferation remains high even in the bone marrow until shortly after birth when it appears to dramatically decline. The cells in the bone marrow are thought to arrive by the bloodborne transit of cells from the fetal liver after calcification of the long bones has begun. The presence of stem cells in the circulation is not unique to a time window in development. Rather hematopoietic stem cells appear to circulate throughout life. The time that cells spend freely circulating appears to be brief measured in minutes in the mouse but the cells that do circulate are functional and can be used for transplantation. The number of stem cells that circulate can be increased in a number of ways to facilitate harvest and transfer to the same or a different host. Mobility of Hematopoietic Stem Cells Cells entering and exiting the bone marrow do so through a series of molecular interactions. Circulating stem cells through CD162 and CD44 engage the lectins P- and E-selectin on the endothelial surface to slow the movement of the cells to a rolling phenotype. Stem cell integrins are then activated and accomplish firm adhesion .

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