TAILIEUCHUNG - Climate Change and Variability Part 14

Tham khảo tài liệu 'climate change and variability part 14', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Cost-optimal technology and fuel choices in the transport sector under a stringent climate stabilization target 443 Given the amount of excess cropland that can be used for energy purposes the model determines its optimal allocation among different plantation-based crop biomass productions based on crop yields per hectare of land crop supply costs and characteristics of conversion technologies available. The model also describes in detail the refinery process streams for crude oil and raw FT liquids which consist of a lot of refinery processes. In the model the CO2 generated from power plants excluding those used for on-site combined heat and power production and biomass-fired steam cycle power production synthetic fuels production plants excluding those used for converting stranded gas and decentralized small-scale hydrogen production ethanol production plants oil FT refinery plants and industrial processes can be captured for subsequent sequestration in geologic formations or methanol synthesis. Transport sector submodel In REDGEM70 passenger transport modes included are motorized two-wheelers light-duty vehicles buses ordinary rail high-speed rail subsonic aircraft and supersonic aircraft whereas medium-duty trucks heavy-duty trucks freight rail domestic shipping international shipping and freight air distinguished for freight transport. To take into account the inertia of each transport mode its capital vintage structure . age structure is represented in the model where vehicles other than motorized two-wheelers and light-duty vehicles produced at a certain time period exist at the next time period. In the model energy requirements in the transport sector are derived from transport activity measured in pkm and tkm and actual in-use energy intensity measured in MJ pkm and MJ tkm . The actual in-use energy intensities of road vehicles are calculated by dividing their respective on-road fuel economy measured in MJ per vehicle-km by their respective average

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