TAILIEUCHUNG - Tài liệu trung cấp môn Kinh tế vi mô bằng tiếng Anh - Phần 5

Tài liệu tham khảo Tài liệu trung cấp môn Kinh tế vi mô bằng tiếng Anh gồm 41 phần giúp sinh viên khoa kinh tế học tốt môn Kinh tế vi mô. Tài liệu này là phần 5 giới thiệu về " Tiện ích - Utility" | CHAPTER 4 UTILITY In Victorian days philosophers and economists talked blithely of utility as an indicator of a person s overall well-being. Utility was thought of as a numeric measure of a person s happiness. Given this idea it was natural to think of consumers making choices so as to maximize their utility that is to make themselves as happy as possible. The trouble is that these classical economists never really described how we were to measure utility. How are we supposed to quantify the amount of utility associated with different choices Is one person s utility the same as another s What would it mean to say that an extra candy bar would give me twice as much utility as an extra carrot Does the concept of utility have any independent meaning other than its being what people maximize Because of these conceptual problems economists have abandoned the old-fashioned view of utility as being a measure of happiness. Instead the theory of consumer behavior has been reformulated entirely in terms of consumer preferences and utility is seen only as a way to describe preferences. Economists gradually came to recognize that all that mattered about utility as far as choice behavior was concerned was whether one bundle had a higher utility than another how much higher didn t really matter. UTILITY 55 Originally preferences were defined in terms of utility to say a bundle xi Z2 was preferred to a bundle 3 1 3 2 meant that the x-bundle had a higher utility than the y-bundle. But now we tend to think of things the other way around. The preferences of the consumer are the fundamental description useful for analyzing choice and utility is simply a way of describing preferences. A utility function is a way of assigning a number to every possible consumption bundle such that more-preferred bundles get assigned larger numbers than less-preferred bundles. That is a bundle zi 2 is preferred to a bundle 3 1 2 2 if and only if the utility of is larger than the utility of 1 2 in .

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