TAILIEUCHUNG - English for students of Physics_Unit 15

In both fission and fusion, unstable nuclei have become more stable. Energy is released. In order to explain these processes, we need to be able to say where this energy comes from. One answer lies in the origins of the nuclei we are considering. Take, for example, uranium. The earth’s crust contains uranium. In some places, it is sufficiently concentrated to make it worth while extracting it for use as the fuel in fission reactors. This uranium has been part of the Earth since it was formed, 4500 million years ago. The Earth formed a swirling cloud of dust. | 162 Unit Fifteen NUCLEAR PHYSICS READING PASSAGE Explaining fission and fusion In both fission and fusion unstable nuclei have become more stable. Energy is released. In order to explain these processes we need to be able to say where this energy comes from. One answer lies in the origins of the nuclei we are considering. Take for example uranium. The earth s crust contains uranium. In some places it is sufficiently concentrated to make it worth while extracting it for use as the fuel in fission reactors. This uranium has been part of the Earth since it was formed 4500 million years ago. The Earth formed a swirling cloud of dust and gas at the same time that the Sun itself was forming. These materials condensed under the force of gravitational attraction. But where did they come from in the first place It is believed that heavy elements such as uranium were formed in a supernova. At some time in the distance past an aging star collapsed and then blew itself apart in an explosion of awesome scale. At the very high temperatures that resulted there was sufficient energy available for light nuclei to fuse to form the heaviest nuclei which we now find if we dig in the Earth s crust. It is this energy from an ancient stellar explosion that is released when a large nucleus undergoes fission. We can extend this explanation by asking How can we calculate the amount of energy released in fission or fusion To find the solution to this we need to think first about the masses of the particles involved. We will start by considering a stable nucleus 12C . This consists of six protons and six neutrons fortunately for us because we have a lot of this form of carbon in our bodies this is a very stable nuclide. This means that the nucleons are bound tightly together. It takes a lot of energy to pull them apart. Consider the following simple experiment. On the left-hand side of a balance is a 12C nucleus. On the right-hand side are six photons and six neutrons the result of .

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