TAILIEUCHUNG - Mechanical Engineer´s Handbook P65

CHAPTER 4 6 GASEOUS FUELS Richard J. Reed North American Manufacturing Company Cleveland, Ohio INTRODUCTION NATURAL GAS Uses and Distribution Environmental Impact Sources, Supply, and Storage Types and Composition Properties Calorific Value or Heating Value 1505 1505 1505 1505 1507 1507 1507 1507 Net Heating Value Flame Stability Gas Gravity Wobbe Index Flame Temperature Minimum Ignition Temperature Flammability Limits LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES 1507 1509 1509 1512 1512 1512 1512 1514 INTRODUCTION Gaseous fuels are generally easier to handle and burn than are liquid or solid fuels. Gaseous fossil fuels include. | CHAPTER 46 GASEOUS FUELS Richard J. Reed North American Manufacturing Company Cleveland Ohio INTRODUCTION 1505 Net Heating Value Flame Stability 1507 1509 NATURAL GAS 1505 Gas Gravity 1509 Uses and Distribution 1505 Wobbe Index 1512 Environmental Impact 1505 Flame Temperature 1512 Sources Supply and Minimum Ignition Storage 1507 Temperature 1512 Types and Composition 1507 Flammability Limits 1512 Properties 1507 Calorific Value or LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM Heating Value 1507 GASES 1514 INTRODUCTION Gaseous fuels are generally easier to handle and bum than are liquid or solid fuels. Gaseous fossil fuels include natural gas primarily methane and ethane and liquefied petroleum gases LPG primarily propane and butane . Gaseous man-made or artificial fuels are mostly derived from liquid or solid fossil fuels. Liquid fossil fuels have evolved from animal remains through eons of deep underground reaction under temperature and pressure while solid fuel evolved from vegetable remains. Figure adapted from Ref. 1 shows the ranges of hydrogen carbon ratios for most fuels. NATURAL GAS Uses and Distribution Although primarily used for heating natural gas is also frequently used for power generation via steam turbines gas turbines diesel engines and Otto cycle engines and as feedstock for making chemicals fertilizers carbon-black and plastics. It is distributed through intra- and intercontinental pipe lines in a high-pressure gaseous state and via special cryogenic cargo ships in a low-temperature high-pressure liquid phase LNG . Final street-main distribution for domestic space heating cooking water heating and steam generation is at regulated pressures on the order of a few inches of water column to a few pounds per square inch gage depending on local facilities and codes. Delivery to commercial establishments and institutions for the same purposes plus .

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