TAILIEUCHUNG - Joe Celko s SQL for Smarties - Advanced SQL Programming P4

Joe Celko s SQL for Smarties - Advanced SQL Programming P4. In the SQL database community, Joe Celko is a well-known columnist and purveyor of valuable insights. In Joe Celko's SQL for Smarties: Advanced SQL Programming, he picks up where basic SQL training and experience leaves many database professionals and offers tips, techniques, and explanations that help readers extend their capabilities to top-tier SQL programming. Although Celko denies that the book is about database theory, he nevertheless alludes to theory often to buttress his practical points. This title is not for novices, as the author points out. Instead, its intended audience. | 2 CHAPTER 1 DATABASE DESIGN types denormalization and missing or incorrect constraints. As Elbert Hubbard American author 1856-1915 put it Genius may have its limitations but stupidity is not thus handicapped. Schema and Table Creation The major problem in learning SQL is that programmers are used to thinking in terms of files rather than tables. Programming languages are usually based on some underlying model if you understand the model the language makes much more sense. For example FORTRAN is based on algebra. This does not mean that FORTRAN is exactly like algebra. But if you know algebra FORTRAN does not look all that strange to you. You can write an expression in an assignment statement or make a good guess as to the names of library functions you have never seen before. Programmers are used to working with files in almost every other programming language. The design of files was derived from paper forms they are very physical and very dependent on the host programming language. A COBOL file could not easily be read by a FORTRAN program and vice versa. In fact it was hard to share files even among programs written in the same programming language The most primitive form of a file is a sequence of records ordered within the file and referenced by physical position. You open a file then read a first record followed by a series of next records until you come to the last record to raise the end-of-file condition. You navigate among these records and perform actions one record at a time. The actions you take on one file have no effect on other files that are not in the same program. Only programs can change files. The model for SQL is data kept in sets not in physical files. The unit of work in SQL is the whole schema not individual tables. Sets are those mathematical abstractions you studied in school. Sets are not ordered and the members of a set are all of the same type. When you perform an operation on a set the action happens all at once to the entire .

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