TAILIEUCHUNG - The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 6

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 6. The book is alphabetized by the whole headings of entries, as distinct from the first word of a heading. Hence, for example, abandonment comes before a priori and a posteriori. It is wise to look elsewhere if something seems to be missing. At the end of the book there is also a useful appendix on Logical Symbols as well as the appendices A Chronological Table of Philosophy and Maps of Philosophy. | 30 analytic philosophy distinguished adherents in the United States to which many of the European positivists fled from Hitler such as Nagel and Quine. The very different ideas of the later Wittgenstein who came back to Cambridge in 1929 closer to those of Russell s original ally G. E. Moore became increasingly influential and under the label linguistic philosophy prevailed in most of the Englishspeaking world from 1945 until about 1960. In the postpositivist era from then until the present English-speaking philosophy has been mainly analytic in the older pre-lin-guistic sense but with large variations of method and doctrine. There had been some anticipations of analytic philosophy before Russell achieved philosophical maturity. The first is possibly Bernard Bolzano a brilliant isolated and largely neglected Czech. Gottlob Frege W. K. Clifford Karl Pearson Ernst Mach and Henri Poincare were all serious mathematicians several of them highly creative and original and they wrote philosophy as did their more self-consciously analytic successors in something of the style ofa mathematical treatise impersonal and objective with terms explicitly defined and arguments formally and rigorously set out. That distinguishes them from the great fellow-travellers of analytic philosophy Hume and J. S. Mill. Russell and Moore emerged as original thinkers in the first decade of the century when they broke demonstratively away from the kind of Bradleian idealism which they had been taught. They argued against the view that reality is both an undissectable unity and spiritual in nature that it is a plurality made up of an indefinite multiplicity of things and that these things are of fundamentally different kinds material and abstract as well as mental. They fatally undermined the idealist theory that all relations are internal or essential to the things they relate and less persuasively that the direct objects of perception are subjective contents of consciousness. In the first decade

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