TAILIEUCHUNG - The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 90

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 90. The book is alphabetized by the whole headings of entries, as distinct from the first word of a heading. Hence, for example, abandonment comes before a priori and a posteriori. It is wise to look elsewhere if something seems to be missing. At the end of the book there is also a useful appendix on Logical Symbols as well as the appendices A Chronological Table of Philosophy and Maps of Philosophy. | 870 sign and symbol affairs or event may be any indication evidence manifestation portent trace which seems to be what Peirce called an index or mark that is regularly correlated with it and hence can be used to infer its presence. In that case to take something as a sign of something else is to use it to infer the presence of the other thing. This is the use of natural signs but we can of course invent signs or signals in heraldry specified emblems indicate the identity of the person wearing them or a picture of a man with a shovel on the roadside indicates the presence of roadworks or the picture of beans on the can indicates beans within. In Peirce s view the latter signs work as icons by bearing a natural resemblance to what is depicted. Icons are signs that work in virtue of sharing properties with what is signalled. But most such signals work by convention and it requires a process of being inducted into the convention to learn to interpret them. Peirce may have supposed that a symbol was a manufactured sign. He defines a symbol as a sign which is constituted a sign merely or mainly by the fact that it is used and understood as such Collected Papers ii. 307 . But this is quickly seen to be inadequate. With symbols we enter a different domain from that of the sign since the role of a symbol is not that of correlating with the presence of the thing signified. There is no regular correlation of this kind in question. A portrait is not a signal that the sitter is near but a representation of her. A symbol is not used as a mark that something else is present but in place of the something else to bring it to mind or to identify it as a topic or of course to elicit the emotions and reactions that are supposed appropriate to that other thing as when a flag is a symbol of a country . Certainly if we are to think of words as symbols it is hopeless to see them as kinds of signal or sign of whatever it is they represent. The presence of the word giraffe on a page is no .

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