TAILIEUCHUNG - The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 88

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 88. The book is alphabetized by the whole headings of entries, as distinct from the first word of a heading. Hence, for example, abandonment comes before a priori and a posteriori. It is wise to look elsewhere if something seems to be missing. At the end of the book there is also a useful appendix on Logical Symbols as well as the appendices A Chronological Table of Philosophy and Maps of Philosophy. | 850 science history of the philosophy of the conservation of matter Antoine Lavoisier or the conservation of energy Robert von Mayer who started a decisive paper with this very principle . The uniformity of Being survived as the idea that basic laws must be independent of space time and circumstance. For us physicists wrote Einstein almost repeating Parmenides the distinction between past present and future has no other meaning than that of an illusion though a tenacious one. A third group that affected Western science and its philosophy were the early scientists themselves. They differed from philosophers by favouring specifics and from artisans by their theoretical bias. With the exception of physicians like Alcmaeon of Croton who wrote a medical textbook and who lived probably in the early fifth century bc they became professionals only at the time of the Sophists. Towards the middle of the fifth century bc arithmetic geometry astronomy and harmonics were already dreaded subjects of instruction Plato Protagoras 318d-f . They were also centres ofintellectual activity and popular interest even Aristophanes made fun of mathematicians. The arguments between scientists philosophers and those artisans who explained and defended their enterprise in writing as well as the more specific arguments between scientific philosophical and practical schools form an early rather heterogeneous and not always fully documented philosophy of science. Thus we may conjecture that the transition from a geometry and number theory whose propositions could be confirmed one by one by intuitively evident arrangements pebble figures drawings to systems of statements based on principles and proofs was accompanied by a vigorous debate but it is difficult to identify stages and individuals. In many subjects scientific assumptions were closely intertwined with magical and religious ideas. This bothers historians who want to describe the past exactly as it was but without conferring honour on .

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