TAILIEUCHUNG - The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 77

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 77. The book is alphabetized by the whole headings of entries, as distinct from the first word of a heading. Hence, for example, abandonment comes before a priori and a posteriori. It is wise to look elsewhere if something seems to be missing. At the end of the book there is also a useful appendix on Logical Symbols as well as the appendices A Chronological Table of Philosophy and Maps of Philosophy. | 740 popular philosophy General guidance about the conduct of life is what is colloquially meant by the word philosophy and is what most people expect from philosophers and are for the most part disappointed not to receive from them. Dispensing such guidance soon became an important aspect of Greek philosophy. It began with Socrates attacks through the mouth of Plato on the calculating amorality of his Sophist contemporaries permeated Aristotle s Ethics and became the main substance of philosophy in the long epoch from the reign of Alexander the Great to the fall of the Roman Empire. The Stoics and Epicureans did not wholly ignore logic and physics which Aristotle saw as making up philosophy together with ethics. But especially in the Roman period in Epictetus Seneca and others the ethical element was overwhelming. In the Middle Ages only the clergy were literate and educated and guidance for the conduct oflife became professionalized and legalistic. The moral life directed as it was towards the eternal disdained man s earthly existence and took little account of personal individuality. Philosophy in so far as it touched non-philosophers was official and authoritative. The humanism of the Renaissance reversed all that. The diversity ofhuman beings was celebrated as in the Colloquies of Erasmus. The rational if unsystematic exposition of Leben-sweisheit emerged in the form of the essay in Montaigne and then by imitation in Bacon whose essays were in fact congelations of aphorisms . In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the moralistes of France such as the rather laboriously cynical La Rochefoucauld had an earnest British associate in Samuel Johnson a lively American one in Benjamin Franklin and a brilliant German one in Lichtenberg. Chamfort who died in 1794 is a latter-day moraliste the rough and hearty William Cobbett of Advice to Young Men is a more likeable Franklin. Addison s Spectator essays are a bland English version of the same sort of thing. By the .

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