TAILIEUCHUNG - The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 63

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 63. The book is alphabetized by the whole headings of entries, as distinct from the first word of a heading. Hence, for example, abandonment comes before a priori and a posteriori. It is wise to look elsewhere if something seems to be missing. At the end of the book there is also a useful appendix on Logical Symbols as well as the appendices A Chronological Table of Philosophy and Maps of Philosophy. | 600 Mill John Stuart called the school of experience and association . He denied that there is knowledge independent of experience and held that attitudes and beliefs are the products of psychological laws of association. His view of human beings is naturalistic and his ethics is utilitarian. But he redesigned the liberal edifice built on these foundations to the romantic patterns of the nineteenth century. For these he was himself one of the great spokesmen. He learned much of the historical sociology which was so important to his liberalism from Frenchmen but it was to German romanticism via his Coleridgean friends that he owes his deepest ethical theme that of human nature as the seat of individuality and autonomy capable of being brought to fruition through the culture of the whole man. The controversy over Mill s achievement has always centred on whether the synthesis he sought of enlightenment and romantic-idealist themes is a possible one. Kant had argued that the naturalism of the Enlightenment subverted reason and idealist philosophers of the nineteenth century followed him in that. Kant and Mill do in fact agree on a vital aspect of this question. They agree that if the mind is only a part of nature no knowledge of the natural world can be a priori. Either all knowledge is a posteriori grounded in experience or there is no knowledge. Any grounds for asserting a proposition that has real content must be empirical grounds. However much more important is the difference between them whereas Kant thought knowledge could not be grounded on such a basis and thus rejected naturalism Mill thought it could. This radically empiricist doctrine is the thesis of the System ofLogic. There Mill draws a distinction between verbal and real propositions and between merely apparent and real inferences. The distinction corresponds as Mill him-selfnotes to that which Kant makes between analytic and synthetic judgements. But Mill applies it with greater strictness than anyone .

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