TAILIEUCHUNG - The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 56

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 56. The book is alphabetized by the whole headings of entries, as distinct from the first word of a heading. Hence, for example, abandonment comes before a priori and a posteriori. It is wise to look elsewhere if something seems to be missing. At the end of the book there is also a useful appendix on Logical Symbols as well as the appendices A Chronological Table of Philosophy and Maps of Philosophy. | 530 logic history of propositional connectives which include accounts of material implication strict implication and relevant implication. The Megarians and the Stoics also investigated various logical antinomies including the liar paradox. The leading logician of this school was Chrysippus credited with over 100 works in logic. There were few developments in logic in succeeding periods other than a number of handbooks summaries translations and commentaries usually in a simplified and combined form. The more influential authors include Cicero Porphyry and Boethius in the later Roman Empire the Byzantine scholiast Philoponus and al-Farabi Avicenna and Averroes in the Arab world. The next major logician known to us is an innovator of the first rank Peter Abelard who worked in the early twelfth century. He composed an independent treatise on logic the Dialéctica. and wrote extensive commentaries. There are discussions of conversion opposition quantity quality tense logic a reduction of de dicto to de re modality and much else. Abelard also clearly formulates several semantic principles including the Tarski biconditional for the theory of truth which he rejects. Perhaps most important Abelard is responsible for the clear formulation of a pair of relevance criteria for logical consequences. Relevance logic. The failure ofhis criteria led later logicians to reject relevance implication and to endorse material implication. Spurred by Abelard s teachings and problems he proposed and by further translations other logicians began to grasp the details of Aristotle s texts. The result coming to fruition in the middle of the thirteenth century was the first phase of supposition theory an elaborate doctrine about the reference of terms in various propositional contexts. Its development is preserved in handbooks by Peter of Spain Lambert of Auxerre and William of Sherwood. The theory of obligationes a part ofnon-formal logic was also invented at this time. Other topics such as .

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