TAILIEUCHUNG - Longman grammar of spoken and written english part 6

Since its planning first began in 1992, this book has gone through a complex process of gestation involving many kinds of collaborative work—computational, editorial, and authorial. The research-based work required for this project has been on a scale probably unmatched in the writing of any previous grammar of the English language. | Functional interpretation of quantitative findings 43 Features serving these tasks can refer to either a physical or spatial situation . here there that tree over there the book on the table a temporal situation . yesterday last year or to some imaginatively or emotively evoked situation . when a joke begins with there was this guy . . . Finally aesthetic functions are uppermost when grammatical forms are selected according to conventions of good style or proper grammar . Examples of these considerations include the use of a varied vocabulary using synonyms instead of repetition and the avoidance of dispreferred structures such as dangling participles and non-standard forms see for example . Function as a reflection of processing constraints A second kind of functional association relates to the processing constraints that a linguistic variant is typically associated with. That is the patterns of use associated with a grammatical feature are often strongly influenced by differing production and comprehension circumstances. For example speakers use more contracted forms under the pressures of online production. Generalized content words such as hedges kind of sort of or general nouns . thing also reflect the difficulty of more precise lexical expression under real-time production circumstances although they can also be used deliberately to be vague or imprecise . Conversely writers who have the time to revise and polish their output can use a wider range of words and more complex grammatical structures such as heavy embedding in noun phrases . Other processing considerations such as the preference for placing longer constituents at the end of the clause end weight apply to both spoken and written registers. These functional considerations are psycholinguistic this type of variation is often not consciously controlled by the speaker. In contrast the speaker writer s role is more active in manipulating grammatical features to

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