TAILIEUCHUNG - Longman grammar of spoken and written english part 73

Adam Gadsby, the publisher in charge of this book project from beginning to end, was a dependable and supportive colleague, motivating us through thick and thin in the progress of the book. He not only kept us on track organizationally! But also contributed a great deal to the conceptual development of the grammar. | 988 LEXICAL EXPRESSIONS IN SPEECH AND WRITING Overview In English there are many multi-word expressions that function as a structural or semantic unit. The most common of these are phrasal verbs and prepositional verbs such as get up carry NP out look at talk about get out of look forward to. These are verb particle and verb preposition combinations that comprise a single entity with respect to both their meaning and structure . Different kinds of multi-word expressions can be distinguished according to their idiomaticity and invariability. At one extreme are idioms which are relatively invariable expressions with meanings that cannot be predicted from the meanings of the parts. That is idioms are expressions which have to be learned as a whole even if we know the meanings of the individual words composing them. In many cases an entire idiom can be replaced by a single word with similar meaning. Most phrasal verbs and many phrasal-prepositional verbs are idiomatic and can be paraphrased in this way crop up - occur look forward to anticipate get up - rise put up with - tolerate carry out - undertake perform get away from -r escape put off postpone In addition there are a number of longer expressions that function as idioms. Many of these are complete predicates . verb object phrases that can be replaced by a single lexical verb such as kick the bucket - die beat about around the bush bear in mind - remember - prevaricate Note that idiomatic expressions are not completely invariable. For example the verb in all of the above expressions can vary for tense number and aspect. However these expressions are relatively fixed in that they must include the specified content words to give the idiomatic meaning. For example the expressions kick the pail and hit the bucket with your foot are nearly equivalent to kick the bucket in terms of their literal meaning but they would not work as idiomatic expressions for die . Collocations on the other hand are .

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