TAILIEUCHUNG - The grammar of the english verb phrase part 48

In order to render the work, which deals with a complex subject matter, as accessible as possible, we have made great efforts to set out the principles in a very precise and detailed way. | 322 6. The present perfect vs the preterite in clauses without temporal adverbials Somebody has drunk out of this glass. It is dirty. The existence of the referent of this glass is given information in the current world of discourse since the speaker is pointing at it or showing it but the situation of somebody having drunk out of it is new information. The present perfect vs the preterite in wh-questions Wh-questions that do not contain a time-specifying adverbial and which are introduced by a question word other than when can in principle use either the past tense or the present perfect to refer to a bygone situation. The choice of tense is determined by whether the speaker is concerned with i. e. focuses on THEN or NOW. As in the rest of this chapter we will only be concerned here with clauses without a time-specifying adverbial. Wh-questions introduced by when will not be dealt with here either they will be treated in section where the difference between the past tense and the number-quantifying constitution perfect see in when-questions will be discussed. Wh-questions introduced by why where who what how etc. and not containing a time-specifying adverbial can in principle use either the past tense or the present perfect to refer to a bygone situation. The choice of tense is determined by the usual factors i. e. by whether the speaker referring to the bygone situation is concerned with i. e. focuses on THEN or NOW see . For example How many cars have you sold The present perfect does not yield an indefinite reading but receives a number-quantifying constitution reading. The speaker is concerned with NOW viz. with such questions as How much profit has our firm made in an implicit period leading up to now from selling cars or How much commission do 1 owe you etc. How many cars did you sell There is actualization focus here on the specific time when the cars were sold. The speaker does not have a period up to now in mind. As is .

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