TAILIEUCHUNG - The grammar of the english verb phrase part 98

Tham khảo tài liệu 'the grammar of the english verb phrase part 98', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 672 13. Adverbial when-clauses and the use of tenses clauses no longer refer to time at all but describe the case s in which the statement made in the head clause is true Children are orphans when their parents are dead. When a man is tired of London he is tired of life. Samuel Johnson Atemporal when-clauses like these are sometimes called restrictive when-clauses because they restrict the cases in which the head-clause statement is true. In the above examples the idea of a set of cases to be restricted by the when-clause results from the fact that the subject NP is used generically a generic NP calls up the idea of an unspecified set hence of a nonbounded number of entities individuals . Since it is these entities that constitute the cases restricted by the when-clause we can replace the when-clause by a restrictive relative clause without any apparent difference of meaning Children whose parents are dead are orphans. A man who is tired of London is tired of life. Here too the generic subject NP calls up the idea of an indefinite nonbounded number of entities and hence of an indefinite number of cases each entity being associated with one case . Whereas in the first pair of examples the atemporal when-clauses restrict the number of cases and hence of entities for which the head-clause statement is true the relative clauses in the second pair of examples restrict the number of entities and hence the number of cases for which the head-clause statement is true. The result is that the when-clauses have much the same effect as the relative clauses. Let us note finally that a pseudo-sloppy simultaneity reading of when requires that there should be some kind of logical relation e. g. cause and effect between the when-clause and the head clause. This explains why sentences like the following are odd When my car broke down there was a woman shot in Boston. The restriction has to do with the Gricean Maxim of Relation Relevance . The use of when in configuration 1 .

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