TAILIEUCHUNG - WELDING AND COATING METALLURGY

Steels are alloys of iron with generally less than 1% carbon plus a wide range of other elements. Some of these elements are added deliberately to impart special properties and others are impurities not completely removed (sometimes deliberately) during the steel making process. Elements may be present in solid solution or combined as intermetallic compounds with iron, carbon or other elements. Some elements, namely carbon, nitrogen, boron and hydrogen, form interstitial solutions with iron whereas others such as manganese and silicon form substitutional solutions. Beyond | WELDING AND COATING METALLURGY 1 INTRODUCTION 4 ROLE OF CARBON IN STEEL 4 WELDABILITY OF STEELS 5 2 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE 7 SOLUBILITY OF CARBON 8 3 IRON - IRON CARBIDE PHASE DIAGRAM 9 AUSTENITE (γ) 10 FERRITE (α) 11 PERITECTIC 11 PEARLITE 12 PEARLITE GROWTH 13 PRO-EUTECTOID FERRITE 14 PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN LOW ALLOY STEELS 15 GRAIN GROWTH 16 NON-EQUILIBRIUM COOLING 17 MARTENSITE - EFFECT OF RAPID COOLING 18 BAINITE 19 4 TRANSFORMATION DIAGRAMS 20 TIME TEMPERATURE TRANSFORMATION (TTT) DIAGRAMS 20 CONTINUOUS COOLING TRANSFORMATION (CCT) DIAGRAMS 23 CRITICAL COOLING RATES 24 DETERMINING CCT DIAGRAMS 24 WELDING AND COATING METALLURGY2 12 October 1999 FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY EFFECT OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS 24 Ms and Mf TEMPERATURES 25 5 HARDENABILITY / WELDABILITY OF STEELS 26 CARBON EQUIVALENT (CE) & WELDABILITY 28 TEMPERING – EFFECTS OF REHEATING 29 SECONDARY HARDENING 30 6 HYDROGEN CRACKING RELATED TO WELDABILITY 32 LAMELLAR TEARING 34 7 REHEAT CRACKING IN THE HAZ 36 8 WELDING STEELS CONSIDERED DIFFICULT 38 PROCEDURAL CONSIDERATIONS 38 POST WELD HEAT TREATMENT (PWHT) 38 THE HEAT AFFECTED ZONE (HAZ) 38 LOSS OF TOUGHNESS IN THE HAZ 41 PREHEAT & CARBON EQUIVALENT 41 SEFERIAN GRAPH 42 9 SUMMARY 44 10 GENERAL ASPECTS CONCERNED WITH WEAR 45 PROTECTIVE COATINGS 45 11 SELECTING THE OPTIMUM WEAR RESISTANT SOLUTION 46 12 METHODS OF DEPOSITION 47 13 WELDING PROCEDURAL GUIDELINES 49 WELDING AND COATING METALLURGY2 12 October 1999 2 of 69 FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY BASE METAL CONSIDERATIONS 49 WELDABILITY FACTORS 49 14 APPLICATION OF WEAR PROTECTIVE COATINGS 50 BASE METAL PREPARATION 50 PREHEAT 50 BUILD-UP 51 APPLICATION TECHNIQUE 51 COOLING PROCEDURE 51 FINISHING 51 15 WEAR PATTERNS AND PRODUCT SELECTION 52 WEAR PATTERNS FOR ABRASIVE AND IMPACT WEAR 52 WEAR PLATES AND GROUSER BARS 60 WEAR PLATES 60 .

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