TAILIEUCHUNG - Gale Encyclopedia Of American Law 3Rd Edition Volume 12 P39

Gale Encyclopedia of American Law Volume 12 P39 fully illuminates today's leading cases, major statutes, legal terms and concepts, notable persons involved with the law, important documents and more. Legal issues are fully discussed in easy-to-understand language, including such high-profile topics as the Americans with Disabilities Act, capital punishment, domestic violence, gay and lesbian rights, physician-assisted suicide and thousands more. | MILESTONES IN THE LAW NEW YORK TIMES V. SULLIVAN 367 Moreover the trial judge contrary to established principles in effect directed the jury to find the New York Times ad in suit libelous per se R. 823 and the Supreme Court of Alabama while finding this charge confused and invasive of the province of the jury R. 1166-7 still refused to find prejudice to petitioners R. 1167 . Such erroneous and prejudicial rulings by the courts below unconstitutionally infringed petitioners basic rights in their gross misapplication of controlling decisions of this Court and in the oppressive and unreasonable judgment they buttressed. No state court can particularly on such evidence exact a price of 500 000 for eight days silence and remain consistent with the First and Fourteenth Amendments. Nor do petitioners failures to reply constitute a ratification. Governing authority is clear that a prerequisite of ratification even in contract cases is knowledge by the ratifying party of all the relevant facts involved. Petitioners did not have such knowledge here R. 787-804 . Neither respondent nor the Courts below cited any applicable authority to negate this accepted definition of ratification. Cf. A. B. Leach Co. v. Peirson 275 . 120 and see Angichiodo v. Cerami 127 F. 2d 849 852 C. A. 5 . C. Compulsory disclosure of belief Moreover any such attempt to require petitioners to retract or deny publication fatally conflicts with the freedoms of thought and association guaranteed by the Constitution and the decisions of this Court. Gibson v. Florida Legislative Investigation Committee NAACP v. Button Talley v. California Bates v. City of Little Rock NAACP v. Alabama West Va. Board of Education v. Barnette De Jonge v. Oregon all supra. The applicability of the doctrine of these cases to a failure to retract or deny cannot be seriously disputed. It is patent that compelled expression of disbelief such as would result from imposition of liability for failure to retract a publication neither

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