TAILIEUCHUNG - Color Atlas of Pharmacology (Part 2): Drug Administration

Drug Administration be very precise. (Standardized medicinal teaspoons and tablespoons are available.) Eye drops and nose drops (A) are designed for application to the mucosal surfaces of the eye (conjunctival sac) and nasal cavity, respectively. In order to prolong contact time, nasal drops are formulated as solutions of increased viscosity. Solid dosage forms include tablets, coated tablets, and capsules (B). Tablets have a disk-like shape, produced by mechanical compression of active substance, filler (., lactose, calcium sulfate), binder, and auxiliary material (excipients). The filler provides bulk enough to make the tablet easy to handle and swallow. It is important to. | 8 Drug Administration Dosage Forms for Oral Ocular and Nasal Applications A medicinal agent becomes a medication only after formulation suitable for therapeutic use . in an appropriate dosage form . The dosage form takes into account the intended mode of use and also ensures ease of handling . stability precision of dosing by patients and physicians. Pharmaceutical technology is concerned with the design of suitable product formulations and quality control. Liquid preparations A may take the form of solutions suspensions a sol or mixture consisting of small water-insoluble solid drug particles dispersed in water or emulsions dispersion of minute droplets of a liquid agent or a drug solution in another fluid . oil in water . Since storage will cause sedimentation of suspensions and separation of emulsions solutions are generally preferred. In the case of poorly watersoluble substances solution is often accomplished by adding ethanol or other solvents thus there are both aqueous and alcoholic solutions. These solutions are made available to patients in specially designed drop bottles enabling single doses to be measured exactly in terms of a defined number of drops the size of which depends on the area of the drip opening at the bottle mouth and on the viscosity and surface tension of the solution. The advantage of a drop solution is that the dose that is the number of drops can be precisely adjusted to the patient s need. Its disadvantage lies in the difficulty that some patients disabled by disease or age will experience in measuring a prescribed number of drops. When the drugs are dissolved in a larger volume as in the case of syrups or mixtures the single dose is measured with a measuring spoon. Dosing may also be done with the aid of a tablespoon or teaspoon approx. 15 and 5 ml respectively . However due to the wide variation in the size of commercially available spoons dosing will not be very precise. Standardized medicinal teaspoons and tablespoons .

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