TAILIEUCHUNG - Gale Encyclopedia Of American Law 3Rd Edition Volume 5 P10

Gale Encyclopedia of American Law Volume 5 P10 fully illuminates today's leading cases, major statutes, legal terms and concepts, notable persons involved with the law, important documents and more. Legal issues are fully discussed in easy-to-understand language, including such high-profile topics as the Americans with Disabilities Act, capital punishment, domestic violence, gay and lesbian rights, physician-assisted suicide and thousands more. | 78 GERRYMANDER in which racial minorities constitute the majority of votes. Under section 4 b of the Voting Rights Act 79 Stat. 438 as amended 42 . 1973b b some states or specified counties in some states may need to preclear redistricting plans with the attorney general or the . district court for the district of Columbia. The states subject to preclearance are those that have historically used constraints such as poll taxes and literacy tests in an effort to exclude minority voters. Section 4 b of the Voting Rights Act presses the issue of redistricting based on race. The Supreme Court has responded by questioning the constitutionality of the provision. in Shawv. Reno 509 . 630 113 S. Ct. 2816 125 L. Ed. 2d 511 1993 a group of white North Carolina voters challenged the creation of two North Carolina majority-minority districts which had the approval of the attorney general. one of the districts at issue had the shape of a bug splattered on a windshield Shaw . The other district was so thin in parts that one legislator remarked If you drove down the interstate with both car doors open you d kill most of the people in the district Shaw . According to the Court the redistricting was a racial gerrymander because it could not be explained by anything other factor than race. The holding of the Court emphasized that redistricting based entirely on race with no respect for other redistricting principles was a violation of the Equal Protection Clause and therefore invalid. The Supreme Court reaffirmed and extended the Shaw holding in Miller v. Johnson 515 . 900 115 S. Ct. 2475 132 L. Ed. 2d 762 1995 . In Miller the state of Georgia had complied with the redistricting provisions of the Voting Rights Act but still found its redistricting scheme struck down by the . Supreme Court as a racial gerrymander. As a designated state under the act Georgia reapportioned three times before the attorney general accepted a plan. in its first two plans Georgia drew two

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