TAILIEUCHUNG - Gale Encyclopedia Of American Law 3Rd Edition Volume 5 P9

Gale Encyclopedia of American Law Volume 5 P9 fully illuminates today's leading cases, major statutes, legal terms and concepts, notable persons involved with the law, important documents and more. Legal issues are fully discussed in easy-to-understand language, including such high-profile topics as the Americans with Disabilities Act, capital punishment, domestic violence, gay and lesbian rights, physician-assisted suicide and thousands more. | 68 GENETIC ENGINEERING Patent Reform bill on September 13 1988. The bill would have allowed exempted farmers to reproduce use or sell patented animals although it prohibited them from selling germ cells semen or embryos derived from animals. However the Senate did not vote on the act and so it did not become law. During his campaign for presidency of the United States then-candidate barack obama pledged to require mandatory labeling of all foods containing GMOs . In 2009 the Obama administration reaffirmed its commitment to this initiative. Early Developments In the mid-1990s the international guidelines established by the Declaration of Helsinki were modified to allow certain forms of cell manipulation in order to develop germ cells for therapeutic purposes. Scientists are also exploring genetic engineering as a means of combating the HIV virus. In 1997 the cloning of an adult sheep by Scottish scientist Ian Wilmut brought new urgency to the cloning issue. Prior to this development cloning had been successful only with immature cells not those from an adult animal. The breakthrough raised the prospect of human cloning and prompted an international debate regarding the ethical and legal implications of cloning. Since the cloning of the sheep nicknamed Dolly scientists have found the process of cloning to be more difficult than expected. After Dolly scientists cloned such animals as cows pigs monkeys cats and even rare and endangered animals. The process of cloning is complex involving the replacement of the nucleus of an egg cell with the nucleus of a cell from the subject that will be cloned. This process is meticulous and the failure rate is high. However the efforts in such genetic manipulation were not to create or clone animals but rather to create stronger and healthier animals. Cloning by nuclear transfer and or transgenic technology involves a process wherein a nucleus from a single cell containing DNA is injected via nuclear transfer into an unfertilized .

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