TAILIEUCHUNG - Gale Encyclopedia Of American Law 3Rd Edition Volume 8 P3

Gale Encyclopedia of American Law Volume 8 P3 fully illuminates today's leading cases, major statutes, legal terms and concepts, notable persons involved with the law, important documents and more. Legal issues are fully discussed in easy-to-understand language, including such high-profile topics as the Americans with Disabilities Act, capital punishment, domestic violence, gay and lesbian rights, physician-assisted suicide and thousands more. | 8 POLICE CORRUPTION AND MISCONDUCT the absolute immunity enjoyed by judges or legislators. In theory the defense allows police to do their job without fear of reprisal. In practice however it has become increasingly difficult for individuals to sue law enforcement officers for damages for allegedly violating their civil rights. . supreme court decisions have continually asserted the general rule that officers must be given the benefit of the doubt that they acted lawfully in carrying out their day-to-day duties a position reasserted in Saucier v. Katz 533 . 194 121 S. Ct. 2151 150 L. Ed. 2d 272 2001 . History Society has grappled with misconduct and corruption issues for as long as it has had police officers. Through the mid-to-late 19th century private police forces were commonplace and agents of Pinkerton s and other for-hire services became notorious as the muscle that employers used to violently end strikes. Heavy-handed law enforcement as well as vigilantism by groups such as the racist ku klux klan spurred passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1871 which criminalized acting under state law to deprive a person of constitutional or other rights under federal law. section 1983 of the act remains a critical tool for enforcing constitutional rights with direct applicability to police misconduct cases. The twentieth century saw multiple legal administrative and scholarly approaches to the problem. Some developments bore indirectly upon police misconduct such as the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which gave new protections to citizens who had long suffered discriminatory policing. Additionally a string of landmark Supreme Court decisions during the era gave new force to individual privacy rights and to curbs upon police power highly influential cases resulted in the strengthening of fourth amendment rights against unreasonable search and seizure evidentiary rules forbidding the use at trial of evidence tainted by unconstitutional police actions and the .

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