TAILIEUCHUNG - Fractography P2

Cleavage is a low-energy fracture that propagates along well-defined low-index crystallographic planes known as cleavage planes. Theoretically, a cleavage fracture should have perfectly matching faces and should be completely flat and featureless. However, engineering alloys are polycrystalline and contain grain and subgrain boundaries, inclusions, dislocations, and other imperfections that affect a propagating cleavage fracture so that true, featureless cleavage is seldom observed. | Cleavage is a low-energy fracture that propagates along well-defined low-index crystallographic planes known as cleavage planes. Theoretically a cleavage fracture should have perfectly matching faces and should be completely flat and featureless. However engineering alloys are polycrystalline and contain grain and subgrain boundaries inclusions dislocations and other imperfections that affect a propagating cleavage fracture so that true featureless cleavage is seldom observed. These imperfections and changes in crystal lattice orientation such as possible mismatch of the low-index planes across grain or subgrain boundaries produce distinct cleavage fracture surface features such as cleavage steps river patterns feather markings chevron herringbone patterns and tongues Ref 7 . As shown schematically in Fig. 11 cleavage fractures frequently initiate on many parallel cleavage planes. As the fracture advances however the number of active planes decreases by a joining process that forms progressively higher cleavage steps. This network of cleavage steps is known as a river pattern. Because the branches of the river pattern join in the direction of crack propagation these markings can be used to establish the local fracture direction. Fig. 11 Schematic of cleavage fracture formation showing the effect of subgrain boundaries. a Tilt boundary. b Twist boundary A tilt boundary exists when principal cleavage planes form a small angle with respect to one another as a result of a slight rotation about a common axis parallel to the intersection Fig. 11a . In the case of a tilt boundary the cleavage fracture path is virtually uninterrupted and the cleavage planes and steps propagates across the boundary. However when the principal cleavage planes are rotated about an axis perpendicular to the boundary a twist boundary results Fig. 11b . Because of the significant misalignment of cleavage planes at the boundary the propagating fracture reinitiates at the boundary as a series of .

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