TAILIEUCHUNG - Gale Encyclopedia Of American Law 3Rd Edition Volume 5 P51

Gale Encyclopedia of American Law Volume 5 P51 fully illuminates today's leading cases, major statutes, legal terms and concepts, notable persons involved with the law, important documents and more. Legal issues are fully discussed in easy-to-understand language, including such high-profile topics as the Americans with Disabilities Act, capital punishment, domestic violence, gay and lesbian rights, physician-assisted suicide and thousands more. | 488 INTERNATIONAL WATERWAYS the ten-mile-wide strip of land that contained the canal to vessels of enemy states and their allies whenever the United States is a belligerent. This was done in World Wars I and II. From the 1920s to the 1970s the United States and Panama had many disputes concerning control of the Panama Canal Zone. Panamanians came to regard the zone as part of their country and believed that the 1903 treaty was unfairly favorable to the United States. In 1971 the two countries began negotiations for a new treaty to replace the 1903 agreement. In 1977 Panama and the United States concluded the Treaty Governing the Permanent neutrality and Operation of the Panama Canal and the Panama Canal Treaty both Washington . 1977 in force 1979 Digest of United States Practice in International Law 1978 at 1028-560 . The treaties provided that the United States would relinquish control and administration of the canal to Panama by December 31 1999 and stipulated an interim period for the training of and progressive transfer of functions to Panamanian personnel under the supervision of a mixed Panama Canal Commission. The first treaty declared that the canal would be permanently neutralized as would any other international waterway later constructed wholly or partly in Panamanian territory with the object of securing it for peaceful transit in time of peace or of war for vessels of all nations on equal terms arts. 1 2 . The right of passage extends not only to merchant ships but to vessels of war and auxiliary vessels in noncommercial service of all nations at all times irrespective of their internal operations means of propulsion origin destination or armament art. 3 1 e . In early December 1999 a United States delegation headed by former . president jimmy carter who signed the original treaty in 1977 attended the official transfer of the canal into Panamanian hands. Other attendees included Spain s King Juan Carlos and the presidents of Bolivia Columbia .

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