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NETWORKED SYSTEMS RELIABILITY Many physical problems (., computer networks, piping systems, and power grids) can be modeled by a network. In the context of this chapter, the word network means a physical problem that can be modeled as a mathematical graph composed of nodes and links (directed or undirected) where the branches have associated physical parameters such as flow per minute, bandwidth, or megawatts. In many such systems, the physical problem has sources and sinks or inputs and outputs, and the proper operation is based on connection between inputs and outputs | Reliability of Computer Systems and Networks Fault Tolerance Analysis and Design Martin L. Shooman Copyright 2002 John Wiley Sons Inc. ISBNs 0-471-29342-3 Hardback 0-471-22460-X Electronic 6 NETWORKED SYSTEMS RELIABILITY INTRODUCTION Many physical problems . computer networks piping systems and power grids can be modeled by a network. In the context of this chapter the word network means a physical problem that can be modeled as a mathematical graph composed of nodes and links directed or undirected where the branches have associated physical parameters such as flow per minute bandwidth or megawatts. In many such systems the physical problem has sources and sinks or inputs and outputs and the proper operation is based on connection between inputs and outputs. Systems such as computer or communication networks have many nodes representing the users or resources that desire to communicate and also have several links providing a number of interconnected pathways. These many interconnections make for high reliability and considerable complexity. Because many users are connected to such a network a failure affects many people thus the reliability goals must be set at a high level. This chapter focuses on computer networks. It begins by discussing the several techniques that allow one to analyze the reliability of a given network after which the more difficult problem of optimum network design is introduced. The chapter concludes with a brief introduction to one of the most difficult cases to analyze where links can be disabled because of two factors a link congestion a situation in which flow demand exceeds flow capacity and a link is blocked or an excessive queue builds up at a node and b failures from broken links. A new approach to reliability in interconnected networks is called survivability analysis Jia and Wing 2001 . The concept is based on the design of 283 284 NETWORKED SYSTEMS RELIABILITY a network so it is robust in the face of abnormal events the .

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