TAILIEUCHUNG - Entomology 3rd edition - C.Gillott - Chapter 17

17 The Circulatory System 1. Introduction The circulatory system of insects, like that of all arthropods, is of the “open” type; that is, the fluid that circulates is not restricted to a network of conducting vessels as, for example, in vertebrates, but flows freely among the body organs. | 17 The Circulatory System 1. Introduction The circulatory system of insects like that of all arthropods is of the open type that is the fluid that circulates is not restricted to a network of conducting vessels as for example in vertebrates but flows freely among the body organs. An open system results from the development in evolution of a hemocoel rather than a true coelom. A consequence of the open system is that insects have only one extracellular fluid hemolymph in contrast to vertebrates which have two such fluids blood and lymph. The occurrence of an open system does not mean that hemolymph simply bathes the organs it surrounds because usually thin granular membranes separate the tissues from the hemolymph itself. Insects generally possess pumping structures and various diaphragms to ensure that hemolymph flows throughout the body reaching the extremities of even the most delicate appendages. As the only extracellular fluid it is perhaps not surprising that the hemolymph in general serves the functions of both blood and lymph of vertebrates. Thus the fluid fraction plasma is important in providing the correct milieu for body cells is the transport system for nutrients hormones and metabolic wastes and contains elements of the immune system while the cellular components hemocytes provide the defense mechanism against foreign organisms that enter the body and are important in wound repair and the metabolism of specific compounds. 2. Structure The primary pump for moving hemolymph around the body is a middorsal vessel that runs more or less the entire length of the body Figure . The posterior portion of the vessel has ostia valves and is sometimes known as the heart whereas the cephalothoracic portion which is often a simple tube may be termed the aorta Figure . In some insects the heart is the only part that contracts but in many others the entire vessel is contractile. The vessel is held in position by connective tissue strands attached to the .

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