TAILIEUCHUNG - Chapter 128. Pneumococcal Infections (Part 4)

Physical Findings Patients with pneumococcal pneumonia usually appear ill and have a grayish, anxious appearance that differs from that of persons with viral or mycoplasmal pneumonia. Temperature, pulse, and respiratory rate are typically elevated. Elderly patients may have only a slight temperature elevation or may be afebrile. Hypothermia may be documented instead of fever and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Pleuritic chest pain may cause diminished respiratory excursion (splinting) on the affected side. Dullness to percussion is noted in about half of cases, and vocal fremitus is increased over the area of consolidation. Breath sounds may be. | Chapter 128. Pneumococcal Infections Part 4 Physical Findings Patients with pneumococcal pneumonia usually appear ill and have a grayish anxious appearance that differs from that of persons with viral or mycoplasmal pneumonia. Temperature pulse and respiratory rate are typically elevated. Elderly patients may have only a slight temperature elevation or may be afebrile. Hypothermia may be documented instead of fever and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Pleuritic chest pain may cause diminished respiratory excursion splinting on the affected side. Dullness to percussion is noted in about half of cases and vocal fremitus is increased over the area of consolidation. Breath sounds may be bronchial or tubular and crackles are heard in most cases if enough air is being moved to generate them. Flatness to percussion at the lung base absent fremitus and lack of the expected degree of diaphragmatic motion suggest the presence of pleural fluid which raises the possibility of empyema. The finding of a heart murmur certainly if new raises concern about endocarditis a rare but serious complication. Hypoxia or the generalized response to pneumonia may cause the patient to be confused but the appearance of confusion should also raise concern about meningitis. Obtundation or neck stiffness should lead to an immediate consideration of this complication. Radiographic Findings In patients sick enough to be hospitalized pneumococcal pneumonia is limited to one lung segment in one-fourth of cases and to one lobe in another one-fourth with multilobar disease in the remaining one-half. Air-space consolidation is the predominant finding and is detected in 80 of cases Fig. 128-1 . Air bronchogram visualization of the air-filled bronchus against a background of alveolar consolidation is evident in fewer than half of cases and is more common in bacteremic than in nonbacteremic disease. Rarely pneumococcal pneumonia leads to a lung abscess. Although some pleural fluid may

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