TAILIEUCHUNG - Nguyên tắc cơ bản của lượng tử ánh sáng P18

Certain materials change their optical properties when subjected to an electric field. This is caused by forces that distort the positions, orientations, or shapes of the molecules constituting the material. The electro-optic effect is the | Fundamentals of Photonics Bahaa E. A. Saleh Malvin Carl Teich Copyright 1991 John Wiley Sons Inc. ISBNs 0-471-83965-5 Hardback 0-471-2-1374-8 Electronic CHAPTER 18 ELECTRO-OPTICS PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRO-OPTICS A. Pockels and Kerr Effects B. Electro-Optic Modulators and Switches C. Scanners D. Directional Couplers E. Spatial Light Modulators ELECTRO-OPTICS OF ANISOTROPIC MEDIA A. Pockels and Kerr Effects B. Modulators ELECTRO-OPTICS OF LIQUID CRYSTALS A. Wave Retarders and Modulators B. Spatial Light Modulators PHOTOREFRACTIVE MATERIALS Friedrich Pockels 1865-1913 was first to describe the linear electro-optic effect in 1893. John Kerr 1824-1907 discovered the quadratic electro-optic effect in 1875. 696 Certain materials change their optical properties when subjected to an electric field. This is caused by forces that distort the positions orientations or shapes of the molecules constituting the material. The electro-optic effect is the change in the refractive index resulting from the application of a de or low-frequency electric field Fig. . A field applied to an anisotropic electro-optic material modifies its refractive indices and thereby its effect on polarized light. The dependence of the refractive index on the applied electric field takes one of two forms The refractive index changes in proportion to the applied electric field in which case the effect is known as the linear electro-optic effect or the Pockels effect. The refractive index changes in proportion to the square of the applied electric field in which case the effect is known as the quadratic electro-optic effect or the Kerr effect. The change in the refractive index is typically very small. Nevertheless its effect on an optical wave propagating a distance much greater than a wavelength of light in the medium can be significant. If the refractive index increases by 10 5 for example an optical wave propagating a distance of 105 wavelengths will experience an additional phase

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