TAILIEUCHUNG - Internetworking with TCP/IP- P59

Internetworking with TCP/IP- P59: TCP/IP has accommodated change well. The basic technology has survived nearly two decades of exponential growth and the associated increases in traffic. The protocols have worked over new high-speed network technologies, and the design has handled applications that could not be imagined in the original design. Of course, the entire protocol suite has not remained static. New protocols have been deployed, and new techniques have been developed to adapt existing protocols to new network technologies | 29 Applications Voice And Video Over IP RTP Introduction This chapter focuses on the transfer of real-time data such as voice and video over an IP network. In addition to discussing the protocols used to transport such data the chapter considers two broader issues. First it examines the question of how IP can be used to provide commercial telephone service. Second it examines the question of how routers in an IP network can guarantee sufficient service to provide high-quality video and audio reproduction. Although it was designed and optimized to transport data IP has successfully carried audio and video since its inception. In fact researchers began to experiment with audio transmission across the ARPANET before the Internet was in place. By the 1990s commercial radio stations were sending audio across the Internet and software was available that allowed an individual to send audio across the Internet or to the standard telephone network. Commercial telephone companies also began using IP technology internally to carry voice. Audio Clips And Encoding Standards The simplest way to transfer audio across an IP network consists of digitizing an analog audio signal to produce a data file using a conventional protocol to transfer the file and then decoding the digital file to reproduce the original analog signal. Of course the technique does not work well for interactive exchange because placing en- 539 540 Applications Voice And Video Over IP RTP Chap. 29 coded audio in a file and transferring the file introduces a long delay. Thus file transfer is typically used to send short audio recordings which are known as audio clips. Special hardware is used to form high-quality digitized audio. Known as a coder decoder codec the device can covert in either direction between an analog audio signal and an equivalent digital representation. The most common type of codec a waveform coder measures the amplitude of the input signal at regular intervals and converts each .

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