TAILIEUCHUNG - Clinical Pharmacology 2

PART VITHE ALIMENTARY page intentionally left SYSTEM AND BY DR DIPTI AMIN●.●.●.●.●Peptic bowel ulcer disease affects approximately 10% of the population of western countries. The incidence of duodenal ulcer.(DU) is four to five times higher than that of gastric ulcer (GU)Up to 1 million of the UK population suffer from peptic ulceration in a 12-month period. Its aetiology is not well understood, but there are four major factors of known importance:.–pepsin secretion;.mucosal resistance to attack by acid and pepsin;.non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs);.the presence of Helicobacter ulceration.•.•Affects 10% of the populationDuodenal ulcers are more common than gastric ulcers.(4:1)• Most gastric ulcers are related to Helicobacter pylori therapy• Relapse is –PEPSIN parietal (oxyntic) cells secrete isotonic . Figure illustrates the mechanisms that regulate gastric acid secretion. Acid secretion is stimulated by gastrin,.acetylcholine and histamine. Gastrin is secreted by in the gastric antrum and duodenum. Zollinger– is an uncommon disorder caused by a gastrinsecreting adenoma associated with very severe peptic .●.●.●.●.● bowel that modify endogenous mediators suppress acid secretion and protect the gastric mucosa. Prostaglandin E2 (the synthesized in the stomach) is an mediator. It inhibits secretion of acid, promotes secretion of protective mucus and causes submucosal blood vessels. The gastric and is protected against acid–pepsin digestion by a into which bicarbonate is secreted. Agents such as salicylate, ethanol and bile impair the protective function of . Acid diffuses from the lumen into the stomach wall of damage where the protective layer of mucus is defective. The presence of strong acid in the submucosa causes further damage, and persistence of H. ions in the or perpetuates peptic ulceration. H. ions are the submucosa by diffusion into blood vessels and buffered in circulating blood. Local vasodilatation in wall is thus an important part of the protective mechanism against acid–pepsin damageNON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY and other NSAIDs inhibit the biosynthesis E2, as well as causing direct irritation and damage to the gastric mucosaHELICOBACTER presence of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori has now as a major causative factor in the aetiology of peptic ulcer disease. Although commonly found in the , it may also colonize other areas of the stomach, as patches of gastric metaplasia in the duodenum. H. pylori in all patients with active type B antral gastritis and –95% of those with duodenal ulcers. After exclusion of gastric ulcers caused by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome, the incidence . pylori infection in patients with gastric ulcer . The strongest evidence of a causal relationship . pylori and peptic ulcer disease is the marked reduction SYSTEM AND LIVERVagal : Mechanisms regulating hydrochloric acid recurren

• Sáng kiến kinh nghiệm
• Drug sensitivity test
• Sub clinical mastitis
• Drug sensitivity test for clinical
• Clinical and sub clinical mastitis
• Subclinical mastitis
• Clinical Nursing
• Patient Privacy
• Clinical Assignment
• Clinical Conferences
• Unplanned Events
• Nursing Instructor
• Clinical trial registry
• Interventional studies
• Observational studies
• Clinicaltrials gov
• International Clinical Trials Registry
• BMC Cancer
• Pancreatic carcinoma
• Treatment recommendation
• Clinical deliberation
• Clinical guidelines
• Clinical decision making
• Qualitative research
• Relative expression of TLR9 gene
• TLR9 gene in natural sub clinical
• Clinical cases
• Clinical cases of bovine mastitis
• Escherichia coli
• clinical
• medical health
• health care
• clinical students
• Clinical Anatomy
• health
• Clinical Trials
• Textbook of Clinical Trials
• Clinical electrophysiology review
• Analysis of complex electrophysiologic data
• Electrophysiologic approach to the ECG
• Fundamentals of clinical electrophysiology
• Clinical electrophysiology
• Complex electrophysiologic data
• Clinical anatomy by systems
• Introduction to clinical anatomy
• Pleural cavities
• The cardiovascular system
• Coronary vessels
• Clinical procedures
• Medical assisting
• Clinical medical assisting
• General physical examination
• Clinical diagnosis
• Safety precautions
• Administrative medical assisting
• Physical examination
• ABC of clinical leadership
• Clinical leadership
• Improving clinical services
• Educational leadership
• Partnership working
• Culturally diverse health service
• Leading ethically
• Essentials of clinical immunology
• Clinical immunology
• Skin diseases
• Liver diseases
• Haematological diseases
• Textbook of clinical neuropsychology
• Clinical neuropsychology
• Clinical psychopharmacology
• Pediatric forensic neuropsychology
• Sports related concussion
• The three amnesias
• FAST FACTS for the clinical nursing instructor
• The clinical nursing instructor
• Appreciating your new identity
• Clinical evaluations
• The performance appraisals
• Getting to know your nursing students
• Clinical hypnosis
• Palliative care
• Behavioral assessment
• The relationship between clinical hypnosis
• Clinical hypnosis techniques
• Neurological rehabilitation
• Clinical practice
• The clinical management
• Cerebral palsy
• Clinical management
• Disordered motor control
• Multiple sclerosis
• Hereditary spastic paraparesis
• Traumatic brain injury
• Clinical assessment
• Macleod’s clinical diagnosis
• Principles of clinical assessment
• The diagnostic process
• Delirium and dementia
• Journal of technology and science education
• Evaluating the impact of filming
• The number of errors committed by nursing students
• Determine the efficacy of simulated clinical situations
• Simulated clinical situations
• Performance during clinical simulatons
• Evaluating clinical research
• Treatment decisions
• Randomized controlled clinical trials
• The ultimate truth
• Biotechnology and clinical chemistry
• Clinical chemistry
• Biological preparations
• Allosteric enzymes
• Sigmoidal behaviour
• Clinical diagnostic tests
• Clinical microbiology
• Laboratory management
• Patient safety
• Laboratory safety
• Clinical mastitis
• Occurrence of clinical mastitis
• Clinical mastitis in cattle
• Emphasis on antibiogram
• Antibiogram of staphylococci
• Speciation and characterization
• Candida species in clinical isolates
• Clinical isolates
• Predisposing conditions for candidiasis
• Various clinical samples